The Runes of the Ancient Nordic Goths and other ancient Scripts

Elder Futark Runic Script Symbols, from Olaus Magnus 1555. Read the following website: Mystery of the Futhark Alphabet.

According to the following linked article by Juan-José Marcos (2008) the Gothic script style as seen with small fonts in the illustration over has nothing to do with the ethnicity of the Goths, but was most likely introduced by the Christian Crusaders in Europe during the Medieval period. Likely it is the same with the Gothic language in general. The period of the Gothic script started about the 13th century and lasted to the 16th century, however in the German areas and German influenced areas Gothic scripts were still used in the 18th century. The Nordic Goths had settled the Nordic before the Common Era according to some old texts and archaeological findings. The ancient Nordic Goths used runic scripts. It is documented that the runic script after the Medieval and still in the 1800eds were preserved by the Laplander = Sami people in runic drums and calendars (an example). Read more in the blog post from 13/04/09: Asian cultures, people and old texts on the Asian origin of the Ancient Nordic Goths. There are pictured other examples of Runic scripts from the Nordic areas in other postings of this blog.

The futhark on the Vadstena brakteat, Sweden. Dated to the 6th Century. It is written from right to left.

Kylver runestone from Stånga in Gotland, Sweden. Dated to about 400 CE. Some of the runes from this and other early runic scripts in the Nordic were later turned.

The futhark on the Vadstena brakteat, Sweden. Dated to the 6th Century.
Compare to the following script is from Gandhara, Kharosthi, found in Hashtnagar (earlier name is Ashnagar) and dated to 384 of an unknown era.

The Gandharan or Kharostihi script is used at least since the time of Ashoka, some of his edicts from the northwestern areas of present India and Pakistan was written in Kharosthi. Like the first Nordic Runes the earliest Kharosthi scripts were commonly written from right to left, but some inscriptions were from early on written from left to right. Compare the symbols at the side panel of the Hashtnagar (Ashnagar) Gandharan pedestal with the 13th - 15th runic symbols on the Kylver runestone from Iron Age Sweden.
Kylver stone from Stånga in Gotland, Sweden. Dated to about 400 CE. Source: Sigurd Agrell, "Lapptrummor och runmagi" (1934). Some of the runes from this and other very early runic scripts in the Nordic were in later runic scripts turned. Kylver Stone

An early Runestone: Möjbrostenen from Hagby (first placed near Möjebro), Uppland, Sweden. As other early runic scripts (e.g. Kylver stone) from about 300 - 400 CE this is written from right to left, and from bottom right and up. Later Runestones were written from left to right. The text is “Frawaradar anahaha is laginar”. Source: Oscar Montelius (page 81, 1905) Later runes were read from left to right and some of the runic symbols were turned. Study this stone here: Visa bild Sök i samlingarna Historiska museet

Runic alphabet

Ring with Runes found in Norway from the Bronstedt collection. Picture from Project Runeberg.

Sveriges runinskrifter by Erik Brate (1922)

Bronze Age axe with a carved runic symbol found at Gotland Sweden. It is assumed by C.E. Lindberg (1873) that the runic symbol is of newer date than the axe. However this is an assumption.

Elder Futhark, from c. 2nd to 8th Century CE This is the earliest runes in the Nordic. Definitively used by the ancient Nordic Goths.

Runestones

Norske runeinnskrifter fra pre-vikingtid

Younger Futhark used from 800 CE. This change might be a natural development within the runic script, it later developed to what is called "Medieval runes".

Nordic:
Codex runicus, a vellum manuscript from c. 1300 containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the Scanian law (Skånske lov), written entirely in runes.

Sami Runic Calendar studied by Eirikr Magnusson published 1877. Magnusson suggests a date between 1230 – 1391 CE for the prototype of this particular calendar. The runic script developed over time and the runes on this calendar is "Medieval Runes". Read more about this calendar in Saamiblog.

There are Nordic Runes that are still not decoded:
Prosjektet for Samnordisk runtextdatabas: "Runfynd 1987" by Thorgunn Snaedal, Marie Stoklund and Marit Ählén (2004).

Photos of Swedish Runic stones or Runsten.

To put old scripts in a larger perspective:

Bànpō dated to 4th millenium BCE

Oracle bone script Dating varies between 14th -11th centuries BCE to 1200 - 1050 BCE.

Bramhi scripts

Kharosthi, Kharoshthi or Gāndhārī script About 3rd Century BCE. Kharosthi script was used in some of the Western Indian Ashoka edicts (272 to 231 BCE).

Taxila Copper Plate, Moga inscription, Kharosthi script dated to a period between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.

Kharoshti Script.

Kushan Birch Bark Script.

A Gandhari version of the Rhinoceros Sutra, Kushan era, 1st century CE.

Issyk script

The Issyk script is an old runic inscription dating back to 5th century BCE found in Issyk in present Kirgizistan, near the borders of Kazakhstan and China. This is an indication of the origin of the runic scripts in Asia, to areas that is close to the middle kingdoms of India.

Issyk script dated to 5th - 4th century BCE

Carbon dating of Issyk kurgan

А. Аmanjolov (2003) Proto-Türkic rune-like inscription on silver cup R. Ili Runic and Greko-Graphical inscriptions.

Orkhon script from the 8th century.

Old Turkic Script:
“Mainstream opinion derives the Orkhon script from variants of the Aramaic alphabet, in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets, as suggested by V.Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi (cf., Issyk inscription).”

Several Gothic inscriptions are found in present Romania.

Theories of the existence of separate Gothic runes have been advanced, even identifying them as the original alphabet from which the Futhark were derived, but these have little support in actual findings (mainly the spearhead of Kovel, with its right-to-left inscription, its T-shaped tiwaz and its rectangular dagaz).

Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": Although Norse literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. There are at least three sources on divination with rather vague descriptions that may or may not refer to runes: Tacitus's 1st century Germania, Snorri Sturluson's 13th century Ynglinga saga and Rimbert's 9th century Vita Ansgari.

Photo: Pompeii Temple of Apollo Oscan inscription. Photo by Wknight84, 2008 Wikimedia.

Oscan script and language of the Roman Samnites (Greek - Roman)

Varang Kshiti alphabet (Orissa)

Old Northern Indian and Pakistani Temples and Nordic Churches

Hindu wooden temple Chergaon Chamba, in Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India

I will keep on adding to this post.

Temple at Chergaon, Himalaya

Mountain magic Temples of Himalayas, in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal

Himachal


Old Hindu Temple in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.


Maheshwar Temple in Sungra, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India



Wood carving at a temple in Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Photo by Harish Kapadia.
American Alpine Club Library


Temple in Himachal Pradesh Saijn, India. Photo by Harish Kapadia. Photo credits to American Alpine Club Library at Flickr. American Alpine Club Library

Norway - Vatnås Kirke
Painted decorations in Vatnås church in Buskerud county in Norway. The old Norwegian traditional decor paintings called "rosemaling" resembles the decoration in many Asian Buddhist temples or shrines.

The décor paintings in Vatnås church in Buskerud, Norway are likely inspired from the old medieval church building. The present Vatnås church was built in 1660 after the Lutheran reformation, a religious revolt that was supported from Germany in the early part of 1500‘s. The Lutheran reformation involved a break in religious tradition from the old medieval catholic religion that had allowed worshipping of the ancient pre-Christian religion in the Nordic, including Norway. However, as seen in this and other Nordic churches, the earlier traditions inspired the new colonizers.

Temple in Kalpa, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India

Originally uploaded by east med wanderer

Buddhist painting Likir Monastery Ladakh India

Carved and painted beam and walls in Likir Monastery in Ladakh District, India
Originally uploaded by Joyce McClure

Shrine in Bhutan

bhutan
Originally uploaded by retlaw snellac

ARCHITECTURE in India

WOODEN ARCHITECTURE in India Take a closer look at the architecture in India and Himachal Pradesh

Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh by Mian Goverdhan Singh

Temples In Uttarkashi

History of Indian and Eastern architecture, 1910

History Speaks

Temples in Kinnaur

Wood Carved Ceiling, Lakshna Devi Temple at Bharmaur, c.700 CE

Stavkirker in the Nordic Areas

Stave Churches are in some instances rebuilt ancient heathen temples and some built over Heathen Temples with heathen styles. The original structures were simpler and of course without the christian ornamentation. You can see larger versions by clicking on the pictures.

Structure of Høre Stavkirke, Lomen, Norway. The next picture is from the restoration of Hopperstad stavkirke in Norway.


Interesting about the Norwegian Stave Churches or Stavkirker is the heathen i.e. pre-Christian ornamentation used, such as for instance lions on pillars, serpent and tree worship, engravings of third eye, dragons etc. Most of the Stave Churches are rebuilt and restored and new are built over or attached to the old ones. In some cases there are found remains of old heathen temples under some of these churches, and even gold leafs that were used for "heathen" offerings. In a more recent posting I have written more about golden leafs or gold foil offerings from Iron Age Norway and Sweden, and from Buddhist India and Pakistan.

In the photos over you there are two old churches, the one in Hopperstad is under restoration. You can see the old structure in these. Some of the Stave Churches might have been heathen temples. Tremendous efforts have been done to destruct or redefine the pre-Cristian religions of the Nordic. The relatively late Christian colonization history in the Nordic areas is still silenced.

Urnes Stavkirke, Norway. Click on the picture.

Urnes Stavkirke, Norway. Click on the picture.

Borgund stave church in Lærdal, Norway. Source: Wikipedia. Photograph by Nina Aldin Thune

Hyperlinked photos of Norwegian Stavkirker (Language of the site is in Norwegian).

Stavkirke

Middelalderens Stavkirker (Medieval Stavkirker). 28 are preserved and are from after 1100 CE. The Nordic were nominally Christianised between 1000 – 1200 CE. In reality people did not convert easily to Christianity in the Nordic areas. Likely, many of the ancient Stavkirker was kept in old heathen traditional Nordic style. Stave churches or Stavkirker in Norway were inspired by and several were built over heathen temples

Stave Churches

Heddal Stavkirke in Norway.


Gol Stavkirke in Norway. The first photo from Wikimedia is by smial (1976) and the winter scene is by agtfjott 2005


The ceiling of Fantoft Stavkirke, in Bergen Norway. The first Wikimedia photo is by Lm-berlin (2007) and the next is by tu og polarlys (2006)

Asia:
Temple of Jyeshteswara, Shankaracharya temple, on the Takht-i-Suliman Hill, near Srinagar. Probable date 220 BCE. Kashmir. Temple of Jyeshteswara or Shankaracharya, on the Takht-i-Suliman Hill, near Srinagar. Probable date 220 BCE. A Shiva temple.

Cunningham Mauryan building in the Barabar Mounts, India. Grottoe of Lomas Rishi. 3 rd century BCE. Asokan Era. The Barabar Caves dates back to the Maurya Era (322–185 BCE) and inscriptions of Ashoka (264-225 BCE) are found in these caves in the district of Gaya, India. More photos can be seen in the added site.

Relief from Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India. Likely Mauryan. These dates back to about 150 BCE.

Kashmir. Sun worship temple, near Bhawan. Likely date to 490-555 CE. Surya Temple at Martand in Jammu – Kashmir. Photo by John Burke in 1868.

Shankaragaurishvara temple at Patan, on the road between Srinagar and Baramula view of the front or west face. Shankaragaurishvara dates to 800-900 CE. Shiva temple. Kashmir.

Scandinavia:
The following are Swedish stone churches, that have been rebuilt in the course of history, the most ancient parts of these churches are interesting in relation to the old heathen culture of the ancient Nordic Goths.
The entrance portal on the south side of the church of Stånga on Gotland, Sweden. This church is said to be built in the 1300-eds but contains some older parts from 1200eds.


Gotland-Bro-kyrka built in the 1100 eds. Photo by Jürgen Howaldt, 2005

Remains of the Pre-Christian Religion in Swedish Churches:

Remains of a heathen religious ornamental stone (Bildsten) built in the wall of a newer Swedish stone church. Bro Church at Gotland, Sweden, photo by Jürgen Howaldt, 2005. Parts of this church are much older than the Christian Medieval period. It is said that the church was built in 1100 CE, in a period when heathen traditions still was practiced in Sweden. All of Sweden was not Christianised that early. It seems like the Christianising of Sweden and the Nordic seems to involve confusing the old history with the newer history, in an effort to wipe away remains of the past, the old religion and history.
In 2001 the Taliban destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan in Afghanistan, it shocked most people around the globe and a part of the ancient world heritage is lost forever. Also in the Nordic ancient religion have been destroyed, but generally in a much slower and relatively systematic way. Confused dating and redefinition of ownership seems to have been one of several common tactics in destroying and redefining of the ancient pre-Christian religion and history in the Nordic areas. It seems that Bro Church in Gotland is an excellent example, which I will return to later.

A pre-Christian Runic stone integrated in the wall of Roslagsbro church (Roslagsbro kyrka), Sweden. Photo by berig, 2008.

Remains of a Lancet or pointed arch from Björsäter Church in Västergotland in Sweden. Photo from YlvaS Flickr, 2006. Creative commons license.

Portal of Sankt Olofs Church in Falköping, Sweden. Church dates to 1100 CE. Photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006

Sankt Olofs kyrka in Falköping, Sweden, oldest part 1100 CE, photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006.

Sankt Olofs Church in Falköping, Sweden. Photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006. Oldest part built 1100 CE.

From Tumbo in Södermanland. Sveriges runinskrifter III. Stockholm Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.

Tumbo Church in Strängnäs, Södermanland, Sweden. Near the church there is six runic stones. The choir has a round wall (absidform) that is from 1100-eds. It is told in the linked site that exact dating is difficult. Only five tree beams were possible to date, and these were from 1100 to mid-1100. As I see it part of this church might have been a heathen i.e. Pre-Christian temple. Some more photos of the church can be seen in the URL.

Gamla uppsala Church in Sweden, the tower belonged to the old church, Photo by OlofE, 2003.

Plan over Gamla Uppsalas old church, Sweden. The choir is original from the old church.

Fighting with reptiles. Kungslena Church, Sweden, Photo by Harry Blomberg, 2006 Västgöten.

Old and newer parts of Lund Cathedral in Sweden. The older parts are from about late 1000 to 1100 CE.