tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21739250846965422582024-03-13T17:08:13.330+01:00Ancient GothsThe origin of the Ancient Nordic - Scandinavian Goths (Goter) or Göter. I do not have time to proof-read the text in my blogs. The blog about the Ancient Goths is like a note-book and it is hypothetical.Saamibloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110847942227774415noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-15526081145525504152012-04-28T10:19:00.002+02:002012-10-17T22:27:45.809+02:00Two different silk-roads: The Indo-Hellenistic people of the Archaic Western Roman Empire and - the later Indo-Scythian Eastern Romans of ByzantineAll photos of the ancient art in this posting are related to the archaic Indo-Greek people. See next blog-post to learn more about the Indo-Scythians.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNRRFrnApyZ7YbKUaaakTFVkzMVPab2INHycWmBMfErCnWJ_U7TLgwomRIIYntzls8vOHLdp96yMVpBTWnszA571NYphuoU2EzqTKu70DFdKGMOoxYOp5vvDPB8Q5h6Gxu6_H5LUpcRqZE/s1600/Sculpture+of+Pythagoras+within+the+tympanum+at+the+right+bay+of+the+royal+portal+of+Chartres+Cathedral+%252C+situated+on+top+of+the+middle+column+of+the+right+jamb.+mostly+constructed+between+1193+and+1250..jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNRRFrnApyZ7YbKUaaakTFVkzMVPab2INHycWmBMfErCnWJ_U7TLgwomRIIYntzls8vOHLdp96yMVpBTWnszA571NYphuoU2EzqTKu70DFdKGMOoxYOp5vvDPB8Q5h6Gxu6_H5LUpcRqZE/s400/Sculpture+of+Pythagoras+within+the+tympanum+at+the+right+bay+of+the+royal+portal+of+Chartres+Cathedral+%252C+situated+on+top+of+the+middle+column+of+the+right+jamb.+mostly+constructed+between+1193+and+1250..jpg" width="307" /></a></div>
Sculpture of Pythagoras within the tympanum at the right bay of the royal portal of Chartres Cathedral , situated on top of the middle column of the right jamb. mostly constructed between 1193 and 1250.
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/roger_ulrich/4158503689/" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR-oedGiVHZ-Aj82FrQOQLTkpSaMZVKaARXjwa6_Z6NAxhBnkq2U7yUOtzGGUkbV1HPoNqUsREFNWqURwCBi4h5Fzyn9P1KbHUlo92ON29WP_L29vuy_orIOIO2KAci6xP6u-nTaGG-SoI/s400/Detail+-The+Capitoline+Triad+Rome+by+Ortygia%252C+2009.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Archaic detail: The Capitoline Triad Rome, Italy by Ortygia, Roger Ulrich, 2009.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi678DsyJkTn75qmxvya0V-XYHDyE4iGyspxtueFaOfC0BSpRbFi6XzhHLOpI_ZekTN3bR_HXsOPpzsa9kXOhTt7fniaIimDce0UEEjG4YMz65KGirIKtYcNsjHAqtNnPIVfS1anCAiYwIY/s1600/Artemis+Bendis+from+Asia+Minor+and+archaic+Greek+men.+Marble+votive+relief%252C+made+in+Athens%252C+ca.+400-375+BC.+Photo+by+Marie-Lan+Nguyen%252C+2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi678DsyJkTn75qmxvya0V-XYHDyE4iGyspxtueFaOfC0BSpRbFi6XzhHLOpI_ZekTN3bR_HXsOPpzsa9kXOhTt7fniaIimDce0UEEjG4YMz65KGirIKtYcNsjHAqtNnPIVfS1anCAiYwIY/s400/Artemis+Bendis+from+Asia+Minor+and+archaic+Greek+men.+Marble+votive+relief%252C+made+in+Athens%252C+ca.+400-375+BC.+Photo+by+Marie-Lan+Nguyen%252C+2007.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
A Scythian woman Artemis Bendis from Asia Minor and archaic Greek men. Marble votive relief, made in Athens, ca. 400-375 BC. Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2007. Pay attention to the body stature of the Greek men versus the woman from Asia Minor, even if the depiction is a gross exaggeration of the difference in body stature there is a core of truth in this generalization. Normally there is variation in body stature in all populations.<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/roger_ulrich/4159263172/" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5zHadC9LIjCD-5zs2BBKyLmhTOBF1VXVdREMigg6nYYYfUrPf7Clsw97Wy-CVCtrjw-s9FOKp6R5zd3ODnoaS3PsBnmbu94aJCgwvttT_Jmn6Vz57u85dIAlXgKaA7-OS4IZdGDZ55RVn/s400/The+Capitoline+Triad+Rome+by+Ortygia%252C+2009.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The Capitoline Triad Rome, Italy by Ortygia, Roger Ulrich, 2009. Try to Google: "Capitoline Triad Rome" and you will see very different and newer depictions of this triad, with people of another ethnic origin than in this archaic panel. There have been massive reproduction of "ancient" art since the medieval in Europe, some of it in an effort to change (rewrite) history.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt8V5Dnn1ClJdYR1ssbvdcvdPCyi6M0zF8jGu7gLPiV8xIttGB-faS6sVf_POR700tuW3yeJ4Is-jaZLQW4cEi1uYKv7rbvCud8ewfsWq-JAOeSL5fYZ3Ij30q1N8BeWvCX2HbBVSReuiV/s1600/028_Conrad_Cichorius%252C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%25C3%25A4ule%252C_Tafel_XXVIII_%2528Ausschnitt_01%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt8V5Dnn1ClJdYR1ssbvdcvdPCyi6M0zF8jGu7gLPiV8xIttGB-faS6sVf_POR700tuW3yeJ4Is-jaZLQW4cEi1uYKv7rbvCud8ewfsWq-JAOeSL5fYZ3Ij30q1N8BeWvCX2HbBVSReuiV/s400/028_Conrad_Cichorius%252C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%25C3%25A4ule%252C_Tafel_XXVIII_%2528Ausschnitt_01%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Trojansk søyle. Grekerne og Skyterne i kamp. Reliefs from the Trojan column, the Greek fighting the Scythians.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp0LM9NLJYCHVq4urENXVPKRgywFeBOciiK-yis1nkb6dK2OC51fevZMtsYNkcbA7Dwgj5D7QF8WjZqknc8z9u-1ARKThNlC-tk1N_NCGuf6247MEpzdhZWFjYfdinTZhEjmH44CStRkL/s1600/Extent+of+Silk+Route-Silk+Road.+Red+is+land+route+and+the+blue+is+the+sea-water+route+public.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp0LM9NLJYCHVq4urENXVPKRgywFeBOciiK-yis1nkb6dK2OC51fevZMtsYNkcbA7Dwgj5D7QF8WjZqknc8z9u-1ARKThNlC-tk1N_NCGuf6247MEpzdhZWFjYfdinTZhEjmH44CStRkL/s400/Extent+of+Silk+Route-Silk+Road.+Red+is+land+route+and+the+blue+is+the+sea-water+route+public.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The extent of Two Silk Routes - Silk Roads. RED is a land route (there were in fact several) over the Central Asian steppes and the BLUE are more ancient sea-water routes used since ancient times. Fenicians i.e. Phoenicians were likely central in trade via the sea. Some of the Central Asian silk-roads went further north than shown in this map e.g. to Kaffa, Sarai, Saraichik, Altai, Balkhash, and Alma-Ata. See map: <a href="http://www.orexca.com/silk_road.html" target="_blank"">The Great Silk Road Map</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn85o_Ex7zYqinpwNq4y20X3xeilr2IYAlVgvd-aNRq-qD0nculfsgIW0D7-z14cYisiBMd7BkNVSmSsRkIjtZ-3ajaouPF_i-KDzIt5Sf6Gqooe_TKoQIJKFOkZcD482f5lI38YWN81xr/s1600/6890408198_8d77a3ea4f_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn85o_Ex7zYqinpwNq4y20X3xeilr2IYAlVgvd-aNRq-qD0nculfsgIW0D7-z14cYisiBMd7BkNVSmSsRkIjtZ-3ajaouPF_i-KDzIt5Sf6Gqooe_TKoQIJKFOkZcD482f5lI38YWN81xr/s400/6890408198_8d77a3ea4f_o.jpg" width="398" /></a></div>
Archaic Roman Empire governed from Rome: Painting from Pompej Pompeii in Italy. Maler c. 60 BCE Villa dei Misteri a Pompei. Pay attention to the sun-symbols.
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1] <b>The Early Indo-Hellenistic people i.e. early Indo-Greeks & Archaic Roman Empire </b>were people who early came to Europe via various routes such as via seafaring trade routes during the Bronze Age. Indo-Greeks likely were the first major migrations from the East to North Africa, Africa, Middle East and southern Europe (Greece and Rome). Some of these ancient people and cultures later spread to the rest of Europe. The Greek Minoan is a good example of Asian - European cultures of the archaic era. The new people mixed in part with the original populations and the exchanges of culture must have been mutual. The first Indo-European peoples settled in the vast areas which belonged to the archaic Roman Empire (i.e. pre-Christian and governed from Rome). Possibly the archaic Greek & Roman cultures are associated with the spread of cultures since the era of Alexander the Great and before that the early Persian Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BCE). There were many different people involved in these cultural exchanges. Many people with oriental origin came to Europe during the period of the great ancient empires.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-DHzpt8B_pNynBbh4sVb1S50ClhiUPMoYA3QlHDUS0ICWvnT8z2klxqh8zYMoc9lm6_uwXFMcQ6_fos0uKvyxWjMkVZUo8l7z5MLrv6UrQpnPluKF9K0miapEOgQE2Doha8wALo0dV6i/s1600/Saffron+gatherers.+Archaic+Greek+Thera+Santorini+Minoan+Fresco.tif" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-DHzpt8B_pNynBbh4sVb1S50ClhiUPMoYA3QlHDUS0ICWvnT8z2klxqh8zYMoc9lm6_uwXFMcQ6_fos0uKvyxWjMkVZUo8l7z5MLrv6UrQpnPluKF9K0miapEOgQE2Doha8wALo0dV6i/s200/Saffron+gatherers.+Archaic+Greek+Thera+Santorini+Minoan+Fresco.tif" width="166" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Kdkyq-qzY-vaBiaf4Avekf-y6TSyEiTqCYqBmO9xV5O6AYKhEPq8akr7rgQ7SOPY39fSuOmxEgsDlh03Ig5nIA24EJHw1LkxpSjaIEgg4kk0KNdafWTbmZoQVkmWspjQBxQPt0oD75YO/s1600/NAMA+Minoan+Akrotiri.+Two+boys+are+boxing.+Photo+by+Marsyas%252C+2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Kdkyq-qzY-vaBiaf4Avekf-y6TSyEiTqCYqBmO9xV5O6AYKhEPq8akr7rgQ7SOPY39fSuOmxEgsDlh03Ig5nIA24EJHw1LkxpSjaIEgg4kk0KNdafWTbmZoQVkmWspjQBxQPt0oD75YO/s200/NAMA+Minoan+Akrotiri.+Two+boys+are+boxing.+Photo+by+Marsyas%252C+2007.jpg" width="119" /></a></div>
<img border="0" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIgGKv5mmc9gyDjIYnVGd14JYbuAxAGjRfP-6XU4ad4fX3knwQnEBrzp4fZ1AvTqYB3gpRbX6vDwN1YpxZonkw1ZdBgHXULt-g5QsUpDwotIIodT4HlpWgU1mxjlwMBjU6wSfNDo9T7mZc/s400/NAMA+Minoan+Akrotiri.+Two+boys+are+boxing.+Photo+by+Marsyas%252C+2007+-+Kopi.jpg" width="400" /></center>
1) Minoan double Ax. Photo by Andree Stephan, 2001.
2) Knossos frise Minoan, the Prince of the Lilies. Photo by Harrieta171, 2006.
3) Saffron gatherers. Archaic Greek Thera Santorini Minoan Fresco.
4/5) NAMA Minoan Akrotiri, Greece. Two boys are boxing. Photo by Marsyas, 2007.<br />
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<a href="http://www.kizoa.com/slideshow/d2657479k9246064o2/minoan-indo-greeks"><b>Minoan Indo-Greeks</b></a> - <i><a href="http://www.kizoa.com/">slideshows</a></i></div>
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Some pictures of the archaic art are shown in this blog. The art of the archaic peoples were generally different from the art of the later Indo-Scythians, and the subsequent era of the Byzantine Empire.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNMwAGQxqkXtRr8Nm7WEesUEGqTp_CFEYpVCotAA7OR73Sfgaua2feq8whXUi9osLGNhovHB-RUELiKX3oWGVgZ5QC9gRXn4vz4ieBGRV32rUy2DZj5TCCANQaIOMxvYT5CC-a12jOJfTD/s1600/Archaic+roman+with+text+CONCOR+Mosaics+exhibitied+Arch+museum+Catalonia%252C+spain+public.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNMwAGQxqkXtRr8Nm7WEesUEGqTp_CFEYpVCotAA7OR73Sfgaua2feq8whXUi9osLGNhovHB-RUELiKX3oWGVgZ5QC9gRXn4vz4ieBGRV32rUy2DZj5TCCANQaIOMxvYT5CC-a12jOJfTD/s400/Archaic+roman+with+text+CONCOR+Mosaics+exhibitied+Arch+museum+Catalonia%252C+spain+public.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
Archaic roman with text CONCOR. Mosaics exhibitied Arch museum Catalonia, Spain.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXG8rkEiI8W83xKiTSrJP6tuvEOIL3WUs7dpnqk5OeV9aRF-wuEUnd2J6kzL-MJV3UB_FOQhl0vXYfg_gWUnoZjymHJsyVCFEYFkplsyxvYltEemz6IaJ0EeDHwv-r7zP7myqbtRQEyYv/s1600/Circus_Mosaic2.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXG8rkEiI8W83xKiTSrJP6tuvEOIL3WUs7dpnqk5OeV9aRF-wuEUnd2J6kzL-MJV3UB_FOQhl0vXYfg_gWUnoZjymHJsyVCFEYFkplsyxvYltEemz6IaJ0EeDHwv-r7zP7myqbtRQEyYv/s400/Circus_Mosaic2.JPG" width="266" /></a></div>
Detail of the same archaic Roman mosaics as over. Mosaics exhibitied Arch museum Catalonia, Spain.
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While the Indo-Greek cultures date back to the Bronze Age, the Indo-Scythian (see the previous blog) is much younger and to Western Europe they mass invaded during the medieval period.
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<b>2] Much later during the early Medieval Age: The Indo-Scythians</b> (e.g. Huns and Turks)<b> & Eastern Christian Roman Empire, i.e governed from Byzantine. See previous blog post about the Scythian people. </b>The Scythian people<b> </b>arrived via migration paths of the grassland steppes of Central Asia and later merged with the old people (i.e. indigenous people and the early settled archaic Romans) around the Black Sea, Eastern Europe and Caucasus. Some of the Scythians became part the cultural areas where Christianity later developed. They were part of the peoples of the Christianized Roman Empire that was governed from Byzantium (it is a different and later Roman Empire compared to the early Western European archaic Roman Empire governed from Rome). The Indo-Scythians were probably very good soldiers and the Eastern Romans of Byzantium attacked, robbed and took charge over the older Western European Roman Empire. The people of Western Europe were forced to adopt an early form of Christianity or they were killed. However, the earlier archaic pagan Roman Empire had also been established in the areas of the later Christian Eastern Romans including in the areas around the Black Sea, therefore some cultural continuity likely had persisted there with pagan elements. The Scythian people arrived much later westwards in Europe than the Indo-Greeks. They mainly came to Western Europe when Islam established in the areas where they had settled around the Black Sea.<br />
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<b>BODY IMAGES</b>: I have already mentioned that the body images expressed in the art of the archaic Indo-Greeks and the people of the Archaic Roman Empire are noticeably different from the body images that are expressed in the art in the subsequent era of Indo-Scythian and Eastern Roman Empire influence. The Indo-Scythian body image have generally remained an ideal in European art, the people who came to Europe mainly since the Middle Ages still have strong definitional power in our culture. I have not added photos of this Scythian art: You can look at the photos of white marble statues of "ancient history" frequently used in Wikipedia. There were entire villages e.g. in Italy until the 19th century who reproduced old art, often with new ethnic expressions.<br />
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/davemhuntphotography/5983097470/" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNc1MAuSmLc3J005ERLCH1MSbDDtMTURZ0xtiyJiVqezdgAoGGKmHNJdWw-h_8u6MWtTnpuzzcOtHWDIgZVc82FLRsq5apUDAd8q7d30ZMeVVVJSUx67hF5BEjMYAFTgOQ65pbHuDPaEC9/s400/Archaic+Greek+art.+Archaeological+Museum+Corfu.+Photo+by+By+Dave+learns+his+Dig+SLR%252C+2011.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Archaic Greek art. Archaeological Museum Corfu. Photo by By Dave learns his Dig SLR, 2011.
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Archaic art: Scene from act, Samia or Samos. A mosaic panel from the dining room of the House of Menander in Mytilene, 3rd century AD (excavators) or later 4th century AD (S. Nervegna).
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3MAj2grWcDkJ3jycj2tS81y31Rk0Rj23pPILhLwr_nxw8NdbURJtpzeeEEBj-owaqFkgG4NLtY6ozzA36AXh0vSlnpnHYlE6EDOtmQiKxTITJLVp_-a52jZU18L5PSqGJpuM1P7o6gj9/s1600/Funerary+relief+representing+a+curule+chair.+Marble%252C+Roman+artwork%252C+50+BC%25E2%2580%259350+CE.+From+the+Torre+Gaia+at+Via+Casilina+%2528Rome%2529.+Nationa+Museum+of+Rome.+50+bce+-+50+ce+public.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3MAj2grWcDkJ3jycj2tS81y31Rk0Rj23pPILhLwr_nxw8NdbURJtpzeeEEBj-owaqFkgG4NLtY6ozzA36AXh0vSlnpnHYlE6EDOtmQiKxTITJLVp_-a52jZU18L5PSqGJpuM1P7o6gj9/s400/Funerary+relief+representing+a+curule+chair.+Marble%252C+Roman+artwork%252C+50+BC%25E2%2580%259350+CE.+From+the+Torre+Gaia+at+Via+Casilina+%2528Rome%2529.+Nationa+Museum+of+Rome.+50+bce+-+50+ce+public.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Archaic funerary relief representing a curule chair. Marble, Roman artwork, 50 BC–50 CE. From the Torre Gaia at Via Casilina (Rome). Nationa Museum of Rome. 50 bce - 50 ce.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7jbqMH5XzAw1y_H0W9TFScV5iz4w22ZH90KOSoPv7ro9S0yxwZVxXoBdCj6oRatj-wFySLkZ3ownuBHNEXObHPLre95mrPdbKpUXWta9C9Cgl37YCDsgl3Hb7rCiZWgzo_3a1SZ9eBW_Z/s1600/Stele+punica+ex+Museo+nazionale+del+Bardo%252CTunisi.+Photo+by+Giorces++%252C+2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7jbqMH5XzAw1y_H0W9TFScV5iz4w22ZH90KOSoPv7ro9S0yxwZVxXoBdCj6oRatj-wFySLkZ3ownuBHNEXObHPLre95mrPdbKpUXWta9C9Cgl37YCDsgl3Hb7rCiZWgzo_3a1SZ9eBW_Z/s400/Stele+punica+ex+Museo+nazionale+del+Bardo%252CTunisi.+Photo+by+Giorces++%252C+2007.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
Stele punica ex Museo nazionale del Bardo, Tunisi. Fenician i.e. Phoenician stele exhibited at the National Museum in Bardo, Tunisia. Photo by Giorces, 2007.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAeRUsd3qq_8pQR2CRC8W_LEyioK_HFhTI31qIDjGoHtqvKcJnH1i2EgIETXlFM0M5ukhi4aPCIT6Lzo9A1epOeGcXEYYkxB99WM6b2z-nEam0ZjbARVHbuAqvQg6glGpISOS_CqVge532/s1600/Apollon+stele+from+Curtry+%252854%2529%252C+France.+Mus%25C3%25A9e+lorrain%252C+Nancy.+Esp%25C3%25A9randieu+7612.+Photo+by+Marsyas%252C+2006.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAeRUsd3qq_8pQR2CRC8W_LEyioK_HFhTI31qIDjGoHtqvKcJnH1i2EgIETXlFM0M5ukhi4aPCIT6Lzo9A1epOeGcXEYYkxB99WM6b2z-nEam0ZjbARVHbuAqvQg6glGpISOS_CqVge532/s400/Apollon+stele+from+Curtry+%252854%2529%252C+France.+Mus%25C3%25A9e+lorrain%252C+Nancy.+Esp%25C3%25A9randieu+7612.+Photo+by+Marsyas%252C+2006.jpg" width="293" /></a></div>
Archaic Apollon stele from Curtry, France. Musée lorrain, Nancy. Espérandieu 7612. Photo by Marsyas, 2006.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIClCzLJHHxPUPQz_AOReDIuYzKANunzJ-RLwKORByeT7rbJ6YF2ph65l6QpSkZJNUbAVAokIeMWMVHjuHPON-z8NhkjtQ5gA1PCPHLjqqYYOAaiCB0K6y5I_8pqV0LgTZtc_BnSqyGpl/s1600/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_fishing_and_Jonah%2527s_stories_carpet_33.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqIClCzLJHHxPUPQz_AOReDIuYzKANunzJ-RLwKORByeT7rbJ6YF2ph65l6QpSkZJNUbAVAokIeMWMVHjuHPON-z8NhkjtQ5gA1PCPHLjqqYYOAaiCB0K6y5I_8pqV0LgTZtc_BnSqyGpl/s400/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_fishing_and_Jonah%2527s_stories_carpet_33.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
Mosaic at the Archaic Roman Empire Basilica of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia" target="_blank"">Aquileia</a>.Photo by Sailko, 2010
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTenr0E0gKVqwpCKnbcD_GZ_QBSfDHhrEAhoUXK169I3fDhj_f0AqW1RsGIBxVUVJZbG3EaBIrT-6qb4C6AdYHdjV_FZYO4WGAC9OCH9ynHtJyfNQE8XR3ESXCAi3kxBgYoOtkNuGXOwyl/s1600/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_birds_carpet_07.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTenr0E0gKVqwpCKnbcD_GZ_QBSfDHhrEAhoUXK169I3fDhj_f0AqW1RsGIBxVUVJZbG3EaBIrT-6qb4C6AdYHdjV_FZYO4WGAC9OCH9ynHtJyfNQE8XR3ESXCAi3kxBgYoOtkNuGXOwyl/s400/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_birds_carpet_07.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" width="310" /></a></div>
Mosaic at the Archaic Roman Empire Basilica. Photo by Sailko, 2010
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGakJq785OocMyYJGa2l9K_wYVZL7xqIhXn8X7oWQLxJ8Gw0l7hc3o3HnYFup31ktM_R7BVTF92cGWm-eNPrU-2ZNQ8xAmVkNn9_AocubhA4uU7gqz50fmUaez88msEr_-67aIgKk4S6DV/s1600/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_birds_carpet_08.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGakJq785OocMyYJGa2l9K_wYVZL7xqIhXn8X7oWQLxJ8Gw0l7hc3o3HnYFup31ktM_R7BVTF92cGWm-eNPrU-2ZNQ8xAmVkNn9_AocubhA4uU7gqz50fmUaez88msEr_-67aIgKk4S6DV/s400/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_birds_carpet_08.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" width="292" /></a></div>
Mosaic at the Archaic Roman Empire Basilica. Photo by Sailko, 2010
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdfImTtWGyVcD8inXbABdcnDXVK9GwtcFiUOxEbKi0OB_0CuGzMNHGdjpgmqEs1gPweorPqg1OT0mctoEuWOfpJpSuRuistnpZJ2XQzi9sxzEFGOl15Dns_Vy_2c0T0kk46CwTdp8x1IXO/s1600/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_master_of_the_portraits_carpet_03.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdfImTtWGyVcD8inXbABdcnDXVK9GwtcFiUOxEbKi0OB_0CuGzMNHGdjpgmqEs1gPweorPqg1OT0mctoEuWOfpJpSuRuistnpZJ2XQzi9sxzEFGOl15Dns_Vy_2c0T0kk46CwTdp8x1IXO/s400/Basilica_di_aquilieia%252C_mosaici%252C_master_of_the_portraits_carpet_03.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.JPG" width="378" /></a></div>
Mosaic at the Archaic Roman Empire Basilica of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia" target="_blank"">Aquileia</a>. Photo by Sailko, 2010<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0mbYbJJzANS3cSgrr8G1K1_PXVvBOpYghdgBV1WB0ur9fSpkJWyXdvmzIJ37vdcF4jXEkgBmDo8I5uE3em2LU8FLrKg_HIj2x1uVxO1JuumUJXKikyxXRvLk-pyj3Q0zcGWIMSYe_RIh/s1600/Palencia_Museo_Arqueol%25C3%25B3gico_003_F%25C3%25ADbulas_tipo_Omega.+Photo+by+valdaviva%252C+2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG0mbYbJJzANS3cSgrr8G1K1_PXVvBOpYghdgBV1WB0ur9fSpkJWyXdvmzIJ37vdcF4jXEkgBmDo8I5uE3em2LU8FLrKg_HIj2x1uVxO1JuumUJXKikyxXRvLk-pyj3Q0zcGWIMSYe_RIh/s400/Palencia_Museo_Arqueol%25C3%25B3gico_003_F%25C3%25ADbulas_tipo_Omega.+Photo+by+valdaviva%252C+2007.jpg" width="373" /></a></div>
Palencia Museo Arqueológico. Fíbulas tipo Omega. Photo by valdaviva, 2007
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8r7YsW6BUTKPc1SpC9ztZ-kFfBHX7jki2-qWxjS3UagoVRfZUpN1z2ldsiqYCEEiGUGViBukWSqeXLDQFGn5TzQJCkKlxaX3Pc2aG5Yh4aMQoqczzaftB1yminTH9zPMEfZ8gfkuLxYo/s1600/Roman+Villa+of+La+Olmeda%252C+Pedrosa+de+la+Vega%252C+Palencia%252C+Castile+and+Le%25C3%25B3n.+Antlers+deer+trend+in+the+village+after+goodwill+amortization.e+4th+century+a.d.+photo+by+Valdavia%252C+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8r7YsW6BUTKPc1SpC9ztZ-kFfBHX7jki2-qWxjS3UagoVRfZUpN1z2ldsiqYCEEiGUGViBukWSqeXLDQFGn5TzQJCkKlxaX3Pc2aG5Yh4aMQoqczzaftB1yminTH9zPMEfZ8gfkuLxYo/s400/Roman+Villa+of+La+Olmeda%252C+Pedrosa+de+la+Vega%252C+Palencia%252C+Castile+and+Le%25C3%25B3n.+Antlers+deer+trend+in+the+village+after+goodwill+amortization.e+4th+century+a.d.+photo+by+Valdavia%252C+2010.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
Roman Villa of La Olmeda, Pedrosa de la Vega, Palencia, Castile and León. Antlers deer trend in the village after goodwill amortization.e 4th century a.d. photo by Valdavia, 2010
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpulph0pV4v3TPwo1Nwi2yzSoE0CLxhf75uFEUIUXSBGJoaAYGsNFrQ-hIlJJicq9wLvYHnrWCs94E3NWHZlJZCe0Sy1kuc0V7dwY42wZKlBeCXY_ZtOt_MgMxFFtPbLIgYQrouTpKCNa/s1600/Winged+Nike+%2528victory%2529%252C+gold.+Found+in+Athens.+Archaic.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpulph0pV4v3TPwo1Nwi2yzSoE0CLxhf75uFEUIUXSBGJoaAYGsNFrQ-hIlJJicq9wLvYHnrWCs94E3NWHZlJZCe0Sy1kuc0V7dwY42wZKlBeCXY_ZtOt_MgMxFFtPbLIgYQrouTpKCNa/s400/Winged+Nike+%2528victory%2529%252C+gold.+Found+in+Athens.+Archaic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Archaic Greek winged Nike (victory), gold with a ring. Found in Athens.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDoDBoiVWgWiwBMe1q2TF0QUDMdt_7hyphenhyphen58mpgE9rhmZfbFA9p2UZ1HkXUmxB4s-_ZKrfCo_29jW3xZVW-vllEQLWVZRl8VqGMpakh6GCYTDYXlNk32rbsHG291XQwHOiiaPtZAJPZTao8/s1600/Valladolid_villa_Almenara_mosaico_28_2008_ni.+Villa+romana+de+Almenara+de+Adaja%252C+provincia+de+Valladolid+%2528Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529.+Detalle+del+mosaico+de+Pegaso+en+el+sal%25C3%25B3n+familiar..jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDoDBoiVWgWiwBMe1q2TF0QUDMdt_7hyphenhyphen58mpgE9rhmZfbFA9p2UZ1HkXUmxB4s-_ZKrfCo_29jW3xZVW-vllEQLWVZRl8VqGMpakh6GCYTDYXlNk32rbsHG291XQwHOiiaPtZAJPZTao8/s400/Valladolid_villa_Almenara_mosaico_28_2008_ni.+Villa+romana+de+Almenara+de+Adaja%252C+provincia+de+Valladolid+%2528Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529.+Detalle+del+mosaico+de+Pegaso+en+el+sal%25C3%25B3n+familiar..jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Valladolid villa Almenara mosaic. Villa romana de Almenara de Adaja, provincia de Valladolid (España). Spain.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN-dqr04vvwP2Gvhf5_nO7Z5ZX_RQM6EhDHz0OIi4FARpDEO4fsuXYi1HfIbTdh5ZG8k7VYHOZ7XkUCxr4tWAGkB7KksDpyOIKMLI4us3l56R6hbgsFMmjzIeWc-gJfEDBfrA9TEKh9XUA/s1600/Mosa%25C3%25AFque+retrouv%25C3%25A9+%25C3%25A0+Utique+repr%25C3%25A9sentant+Diane+chasseresse%252C+2%25C3%25A8me+moiti%25C3%25A9+du+II%25C3%25A8me+si%25C3%25A8cle+public.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN-dqr04vvwP2Gvhf5_nO7Z5ZX_RQM6EhDHz0OIi4FARpDEO4fsuXYi1HfIbTdh5ZG8k7VYHOZ7XkUCxr4tWAGkB7KksDpyOIKMLI4us3l56R6hbgsFMmjzIeWc-gJfEDBfrA9TEKh9XUA/s400/Mosa%25C3%25AFque+retrouv%25C3%25A9+%25C3%25A0+Utique+repr%25C3%25A9sentant+Diane+chasseresse%252C+2%25C3%25A8me+moiti%25C3%25A9+du+II%25C3%25A8me+si%25C3%25A8cle+public.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Mosaïque retrouvé à Utique représentant Diane chasseresse, 2ème moitié du IIème siècle. Archaic Roman Diane on a mosaic from the 2nd Century CE.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhYIA-UFJ2kPMz2wPsSLgjkwZuR0u1huNnZ-ISEinR0YQJz8o9uQHKc94n8L8JTuZ82eoxJu7GxqE3DQXUQFdDaJkaqO52pT0-CTWs0qy6o7AX-5zjlZ1falSpYXntmnfxTOMWbiny3XJ/s1600/Mosaic+of+Medusa+%2528Detail%252C+Perseus+and+Andromeda%2529+2-3+century+CE.+public.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxhYIA-UFJ2kPMz2wPsSLgjkwZuR0u1huNnZ-ISEinR0YQJz8o9uQHKc94n8L8JTuZ82eoxJu7GxqE3DQXUQFdDaJkaqO52pT0-CTWs0qy6o7AX-5zjlZ1falSpYXntmnfxTOMWbiny3XJ/s400/Mosaic+of+Medusa+%2528Detail%252C+Perseus+and+Andromeda%2529+2-3+century+CE.+public.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Mosaic of Medusa (Detail, Perseus and Andromeda) 2-3 century CE.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sEblPj78x4YlnkDz9SXYkF7zpDTkqgOIvvepUukbIjnGvRf1N4FdrB4Fv9WiHKNTbxtHquwbT2Cv1nbqt3kda0fG74ABxnez-fiQz90ZvFp7FC1screxzhO_dJVQhdUf6H5mpd-szoWq/s1600/Kos%252C+Asclepeion%252C+Asclepius+%2528in+the+center%2529+visits+Kos%252C+left+Hippocrates%252C+right+some+person+from+Kos.+Photo+by+Dr.+phil.+Heinz+Schmitz.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sEblPj78x4YlnkDz9SXYkF7zpDTkqgOIvvepUukbIjnGvRf1N4FdrB4Fv9WiHKNTbxtHquwbT2Cv1nbqt3kda0fG74ABxnez-fiQz90ZvFp7FC1screxzhO_dJVQhdUf6H5mpd-szoWq/s400/Kos%252C+Asclepeion%252C+Asclepius+%2528in+the+center%2529+visits+Kos%252C+left+Hippocrates%252C+right+some+person+from+Kos.+Photo+by+Dr.+phil.+Heinz+Schmitz.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Kos, on the is left Hippocrates, then Asclepius, Asclepeion or Asklepios arrives to Kos. Photo by Dr. phil. Heinz Schmitz. This man in this archaic mosaic (the travelling person carrying the bag on a stick) resembles Askeladden from a well-known Norwegian fairytale and the name of Asclepius or Asklepios is reminding me of this fairytale figure.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuXNGDVc0BQmTLxvrSFJHcy9EY7lan7l4wqea82HwpyMmHwP2BNzd_4f7X6DmiZP3LcZwhFlN98Ofnf4_AQUwxGLKku32GEUzqSJcMAU3dHLtSef4WxQb5Kc8uOiu0xj8TSJ6tavN3KFG7/s1600/Roman+mosaic+of+the+1st+century+BCE+from+Pompeii%252C+now+at+the+Museo+Nazionale+Archologico%252C+Naples..jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuXNGDVc0BQmTLxvrSFJHcy9EY7lan7l4wqea82HwpyMmHwP2BNzd_4f7X6DmiZP3LcZwhFlN98Ofnf4_AQUwxGLKku32GEUzqSJcMAU3dHLtSef4WxQb5Kc8uOiu0xj8TSJ6tavN3KFG7/s400/Roman+mosaic+of+the+1st+century+BCE+from+Pompeii%252C+now+at+the+Museo+Nazionale+Archologico%252C+Naples..jpg" width="369" /></a></div>
Roman mosaic of the 1st century BCE from Pompeii, now at the Museo Nazionale Archologico, Naples.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwSPIhohXN1gBcqfMFA_PWds9stU99x4jgWOBT0Y332kPMNaJsBXFHQAxKArVGw34XXpXowfwChHIz9mj6CRCsmZwzfn9_essvk6qZpXzVascvUqxiojmckSFmyxJXkxzBUSHX0HSaj16Q/s1600/Choregos+and+actors%252C+Roman+mosaic.+Naples+National+Arch.+Museum%252C+Inv.+9986.+House+of+the+Tragic+Poet%252C+Pompeii.+Public.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwSPIhohXN1gBcqfMFA_PWds9stU99x4jgWOBT0Y332kPMNaJsBXFHQAxKArVGw34XXpXowfwChHIz9mj6CRCsmZwzfn9_essvk6qZpXzVascvUqxiojmckSFmyxJXkxzBUSHX0HSaj16Q/s400/Choregos+and+actors%252C+Roman+mosaic.+Naples+National+Arch.+Museum%252C+Inv.+9986.+House+of+the+Tragic+Poet%252C+Pompeii.+Public.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Choregos and actors, Roman mosaic. Naples National Arch. Museum, Inv. 9986. House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYNBSgn0ZIVkRomx4Bnhh22aNJyPmNVE_vWBjjbOzMwJ5t0wxygmPuAjscD_viNgDmAAxc_AlTl5fidNYGp6x6ToIA5OWr_TxFLpjADREx-YEhoB2eX1DkLLZzUPh50v9V54jSaU6UsHLr/s1600/Roman+3-4+th+century+ce+Mosaic_de_la_Medusa+arch+museum+of+tarragona+spain.+public.JPG" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYNBSgn0ZIVkRomx4Bnhh22aNJyPmNVE_vWBjjbOzMwJ5t0wxygmPuAjscD_viNgDmAAxc_AlTl5fidNYGp6x6ToIA5OWr_TxFLpjADREx-YEhoB2eX1DkLLZzUPh50v9V54jSaU6UsHLr/s400/Roman+3-4+th+century+ce+Mosaic_de_la_Medusa+arch+museum+of+tarragona+spain.+public.JPG" width="393" /></a></div>
Roman 3-4th Century CE Mosaic of Medusa at Arch Museum of Tarragona, Spain.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiX-JGoUBXPSlpCns1VGrou6Gppc2XVTu0Qo5uHmYQHKKD2bJyicQ_IRgticGIpAykTEMnYxCD78KJ6Gr7Vje9_USdbNNYUcwyW_2IIyfKC7N7C_pj-v0LkOJWNyi7vZMV291QXuNRP-AS/s1600/Relief+with+Menander+and+New+Comedy+Masks+%2528Roman%252C+AD+40-60%2529+-+the+masks+show+three+of+his+canonical+New+Comedy+characters+youth%252C+false+maiden%252C+old+man.+Photo+by+Dave+%2526+Margie+Hill+-+Kleerup%252C+2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiX-JGoUBXPSlpCns1VGrou6Gppc2XVTu0Qo5uHmYQHKKD2bJyicQ_IRgticGIpAykTEMnYxCD78KJ6Gr7Vje9_USdbNNYUcwyW_2IIyfKC7N7C_pj-v0LkOJWNyi7vZMV291QXuNRP-AS/s400/Relief+with+Menander+and+New+Comedy+Masks+%2528Roman%252C+AD+40-60%2529+-+the+masks+show+three+of+his+canonical+New+Comedy+characters+youth%252C+false+maiden%252C+old+man.+Photo+by+Dave+%2526+Margie+Hill+-+Kleerup%252C+2010.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Relief with Menander and New Comedy Masks (Roman, AD 40-60) - the masks show three of his canonical New Comedy characters youth, false maiden, old man. Photo by Dave & Margie Hill - Kleerup, 2010</div>
Saamibloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110847942227774415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-11972363364473459982012-04-28T10:08:00.001+02:002012-10-06T14:11:06.582+02:00The Indo-Scythians: Tall people at the Central Asian Steppes & The Scythian Ice Maiden videos<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9Gm757Lr4wMZgYLL_gBOe0bX0ijUO-VX9r56jvYDxuor6JWzA8FolX4GJmkURt6Q13pXf0BrpWNZtaSDHZmevTFUl3B6q7AkgFZ30T-WW4L6C4oQQwhMkugPxvMSgXRrbpzciQNMS7J5/s1600/1898+photo+of+circassian+man.tif" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9Gm757Lr4wMZgYLL_gBOe0bX0ijUO-VX9r56jvYDxuor6JWzA8FolX4GJmkURt6Q13pXf0BrpWNZtaSDHZmevTFUl3B6q7AkgFZ30T-WW4L6C4oQQwhMkugPxvMSgXRrbpzciQNMS7J5/s400/1898+photo+of+circassian+man.tif" width="282" /></a></div>
<i>Circassian man. Photo from 1898.</i><br />
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<img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxZMEKQjj4U2W8ZVytWwG0qf-cFTcQxyLlYbC-JBehJkFCOmFsHgr7VF5E0P5bwg8Fc9EonLMMak3E6WiVkx0qWrCP-7vM5loyFotAqbBfVtVNrqQVNdiWdfD718WMkvnq7MoEnCCWK7n/s320/Chuvash+ethnologist%252C+historian+and+writer+Kuri+Vanter.+public.tif" width="113" /> <img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM_5QJpT3ubkhT13awXFGYSggOymBgD5e5kkEYJlx9hctA8xN9AJeZZO9rkPA5CKtPpt79GxaK1FFF4csKWMaP8g_gmA9O2N1sN5iankGK-4NiBmipUyiQp8FgE562luwMg43YcS2sFTxG/s320/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD.+%25D0%2590%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D1%2591%25D1%2580+%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581+%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD+%25D0%25B2+%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8+%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0+%25D0%25B2+%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5+-%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2.+1934.+Public.jpg" width="200" /> <img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicg4Kn_hRYCbnkYghG4jeZvmijcoK4bRrkYbjWtQvRwWotFbS2B27MvjP5npL7a-qVs6Xzf4Yh8KkoeTt-YeIhB2grp-vItK1mQeg2K5T2PcUwGE3SHKUwZWpcji9WEo8-pK716nTVlCdO/s320/Scythians_shooting_with_bows_Kertch_antique_Panticapeum_Ukrainia_4th_century_BCE.+Photo+by+PHGCOM%252C+2007.jpg" width="200" />
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Two Khuvash men and ancient art of Scythians, 4th Century BCE. To Chuvash menn og eldgammel skytisk kunst fra det fjerde århundret før vanlig tidsregning. <br />
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The Scythian Steppe people were often blonde people and in general they were tall people. Many ancient mummies of the historical Scythians are found from Mongolia and west-wards. Ahmad <b>Ibn Fadlan</b> from Baghdad described the Scythians in the 10th century CE, when they were trading with the Volga Bolgars in the Russian areas. Fadlan described their stature as tall "as date palm trees", with beautiful bodies, with <a href="http://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2010/12/origin-and-early-practice-of-tattoos.html" target="_blank"">blonde hair and with tattoos</a>. One of the mummies of a female - the ice maiden - had a body stature of 170 centimeters. Some warrior women of the ancient Scythians were called Amazons. The ancient Scythians were non-literate people according to archaeologist Natalia Victorovna Polosmak in the videos about the ice-maiden (scroll down for 5 videos), and it is told these ancient people used imagery e.g. for storytelling which is indicated through their special type of rock art. However the just mentioned issue remains controversial. E.g. Aurel Stein (see reference in this blog) reported that the Scythian groups he studied were early Buddhists and used Kharosthi (alternatively Kharoṣṭhī) script.<br />
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Princess Ukok (Altai) with tattoos: A mummy that was found in 1993 in a kurgan in the remote Ukok Plateau in the Altai Republic in Russia, which is now the subject of a fight about her future atatus between the republic Altai and its inhabitants on one side and the Novosibirsk Institute of Archeology and Ethnography (and the Russian Academy of Sciences in general) on the other side.
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De skytiske steppefolkene var ofte blonde folk, og generelt så var dette folket høye av vekst. Mange eldgamle mumier av de historiske skyterne er funnet fra Mongolia og vestover. Ahmad Ibn Fadlan fra Baghdad beskrev skyterne i det 10. århundret CE, mens de gjorde handel med Volga-bulgarske folk i Russiske områder. Fadlan beskrev dem som å være høye som daddelpalmer, med vakre kropper, <a href="http://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2010/12/origin-and-early-practice-of-tattoos.html" target="_blank"">blondt hår og tatoveringer</a>. En av mumiene av en kvinne - is jomfruen - hadde en kroppshøyde på 170 cm. Noen krigerkvinner til de gamle skyterne ble kalt Amasoner. De gamle skyterne var ikke skrivekyndige i følge arkeologen Natalia Victorovna (se nedover i denne bloggen for å se 5 videoer av is-kvinnen fra Sibir), men deres spesielle type helleristninger indikerer at de brukte forestillingsevnen og fortellinger. Det sist nevnte tema om skrivekyndighet er kontroversielt, for eksempel så fant Aurel Stein (se referanse i denne bloggen) at de Skytiske gruppene som han studerte var tidlige buddhister og bruke Kharosthi (alternativt Kharoṣṭhī skrift.<br />
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The Indo-Scythian migrations westwards was slower and much later along the Eurasian steppes (pink) than the southern Indo-European (Indo-Greek) migrations. While the Indo-Greeks came in the Bronze Age, the Indo-Scythian people seems to have arrived to the Black Sea and Caucasus areas in the Iron-Age.<br />
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<u>Video</u>: The Huns were Europeans called Scythians, English subtitles. Listen to what she has to say. She make a point that researchers have found that there was not really much difference between the Scythians and the Huns, and that Minayev (a Russian researcher) say that these historical people were the same.<br />
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I am pointing to that these ancient steppe people were not Europeans (but indigenous Siberians merged with early Buddhists, but today they define who the Europeans are. Likely these Scythian men were the ones with mainly haplogroup R1a1. To realize this will make it possible to find back the oppressed archaic European history. The archaic Europeans were indigenous in the areas merged with earlier Indo-Greek migrations of Buddhists, they came mainly via seaway silk and trade routes.<br />
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What happened in Europe, in particular in the medieval period?<br />
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Hunerne var europeere som ble kalt Skytere (videoen har engelske tekster). Hør etter hva hun har å si. Blant annet så forteller hun at det ikke egentlig er så stor forskjell mellom skyterne og hunerne, og at en russisk forsker (Minayev) mener at dette er de samme gamle folkene.<br />
Jeg gjør et poeng av at disse gamle steppefolkene var ikke var Europeere (se video under, de hadde gener som tilhørte steppene og var sannsynligvis en blanding av urfolk i Sibir og tidlige buddhister), men at de i dag definerer hvem som er europeere. Dette var sannsynligvis menn som for det meste hadde haplogruppen R1a1. Å innse dette vil gjøre det mulig å forstå den arkaiske europeiske historien. Hva skjedde i Europa spesielt i middelalderen?<br />
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These ancient people of the Central Asian steppes have been there for a very long time. Blonde and tall mummies have been found in many places from Mongolia and the Tarim Basin areas and into Europe. They have been described by and ancient Chinese Buddhist Monk who wrote that they had left the steppes before 400 CE (Read the books of Aurel Stein: The ancient Khotan. Can be found online for free). They had in general very different body ideals than the archaic Europeans (e.g. Indo-Greeks and Archaic Romans). Study all the illustrations in the referred books by Aurel Stein very carefully.<br />
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<img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJpST-jTxrQE-9Bu0jmK2B8jYbYhdat8pbBzLM8sEgV_ZWU7QC6Y65fvtlYfzGL-WPqii4eTCF9dcJVUYUTMkhORlxdsetR06nLkW97WaStJZm3uJO4lv_rluqs6P43uH8YrkvBpQ6-VcA/s320/Behistun.Inscript.+Skunkha+Skunkha%252C+king+of+wearing+pointed+caps+sakae+%2528group+of+scithian+tribes%2529.+Public.jpg" width="150" />.</center>
Scythian King. Skyterkonge.
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<b>Two meters tall mummy found in the Tarim Basin</b>. En to meter høy mumie funnet i Tarim (Takla Makan).<br />
Mummies from Central Asia includes the very tall Yingpan Mummy 6'6" tall. These mummies have genes from the Central Asian Steppes in particular many are found in the Ukok Plateau, a plateau between the borders of Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. These people are very old in Central Asia, before any known silk-road routes in these areas. However these old Mummies look like present day Europeans, some mummies have yellow - blonde hair (as have a few of the Buddha figures found in archeological sites along the Central Asian Steppes). These old steppe people had different types of e.g. petro-glyphs than found elsewhere and their art are different from the ancient art of Europe.<br />
<b>Why do they look like Europeans?</b> Because they came down from the Central Asian Steppes and into Eastern Europe and Caucasus, where they early took part in the development of Christianity, Christianity developed Armenia and the areas of the Eastern Roman Empire. They had some smaller warrior expansions to western Europe in the Iron Age, but the massive westward expansions happened when Islam established about 1200-1300 CE in the areas of Turkey, Caucasus and Eastern Europe. These previous steppe people and other people from the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) were driven towards western Europe early in the medieval period. The Eastern Roman Empire fell. Where they the Khans? As I understand this history the answer is: Very Likely.
<b>Aryan</b> is a misused word in many videos related to this topic. Aryan is not an ethnic descriptional term. "Aryan" describes the Buddhist way towards enlightenment in eight steps. The meaning of "Aryan" is: "Any individual ennobled by his/her own continuing effort on the path to enlightenment." (ref. www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/hartglos.htm)<br />
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These ancient tall and often blonde people on the Central Asian Steppes were early Buddhists (referring to ancient texts and archeological findings reported in literature). As pointed previously there were other and much earlier migrations of early Buddhists westwards and into Europe. Early Buddhists came via southern paths to Hellenistic areas e.g. via sea routes in the Bronze age, a good example are Indo-Greek Minoans (see next blog).<br />
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These ancient people of the Central Asian Steppes have been there for a very long time. Blonde and tall mummies have been found in many places from Mongolia and the Tarim Basin areas and into Europe. These old people (Khotan, Turks & Scythians) have been described by a Chinese Buddhist Monk who wrote that they had left the steppes before 400 CE. Read the books of Aurel Stein: The ancient Khotan, book I & II, which can be found online for free. The Khotans or the Scythians had in general very different body ideals than the archaic Europeans (e.g. Indo-Greeks and Archaic Romans). Study all the illustrations in the referred books by <b>Aurel Stein</b> very carefully. <a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/toyobunko/show_page.pl?lang=en&book=VIII-5-B2-7/V-1&page=0245&keyword=yotkan" target="_blank"">Khotan, Yotkan</a><br />
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Disse gamle folkene på de sentralasiatiske steppene har vært der svært lenge. Høyvokste og blonde mumier har blitt funnet mange steder fra Mongolia og Tarim Basin områdene og inn til Europa. Disse gamle folkene (Khotan, Turkfolk & Skytere) ble beskrevet av en kinesisk Buddhist Munk som skreiv at de hadde forlatt steppelandet før 400 etter vanlig tidsregning. Les bøkene til Aurel Stein: The Ancient Khotanm, bok I & II, de finnes gratis på internett. Skyterne hadde generelt sett svært ulike kroppsidealer sammenliknet med de arkaiske europeerne (for eksempel Indo-grekerne og de arkaiske folkene i Romerriket). Studere illustrasjonene som finnes i de refererte bøkene av <b>Aurel Stein</b>. <a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/toyobunko/show_page.pl?lang=en&book=VIII-5-B2-7/V-1&page=0245&keyword=yotkan" target="_blank"">Khotan, Yotkan</a> <br />
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1) <a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/page/0119.html.en" target="_blank"">Buddhist Relief from a wall decoration. Shrine from Dandan-Uiloq.</a><br />
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2) <a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/toyobunko/show_page.pl?book=VIII-5-B2-7/V-2&page=0167&lang=en&rotate=90&target=page" target="_blank"">Painted tablet with a blonde Buddha from the Endere ruins</a></div>
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The ancient Khotan people (Turks & Scythians) seems to have been Buddhist, but must have converted to Judaism or Christianity when they came to the areas around the Black Sea. </div>
Disse eldgamle Khotan folkene (Tyrkere & Skytere) ser ut til å ha vært buddhister, men må ha konvertert til jødedom eller kristendom da de kom til områdene rundt Svartehavet.<br />
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Scythian Pazyryk felt carpet. Fragment of felt carpet found in Pazyryk, Altay Mountains. First millenium BCE. Skytisk Pazyryk filtteppe. Et fragment av teppet ble funnet i Pazyryk i Altai-fjellene i dagens Russland. Det er fra det første årtusen BCE.
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Pazyryk Carpet detail. Indo-Scythian. Pazyryk carpet 4th Century BCE. Blonde men ridning horses.
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I doubt that these the Scythians mentioned by Fadlan i.e. "Rus" people were related to the Nordic "<b>Vikings</b>", as some want to make us believe. The cultural similarities are related to the early Buddhist (Saiva) influence of both the arachaic Indo-Greeks & The Western Roman Empire in Europe and the Indo-Scythian people of the Central Asian Steppes. Some of the differences are described in the sources of this blog, including the Videos. The description of them does not fit with ancient western European remains or descriptions e.g. at Arran in Scotland or for instance in Iron Age Denmark (ref. Bog men). The ancient and pre-medieval people of Western Europe were most likely of Celtic and then people of early Indo-European origin from southern paths i.e. sea faring peoples via the Middle East, Turkey, Archaic Greek and Roman (Italy) areas.<br />
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Chuvashia culture parade – Tsjuvasjia opptog, drillpiker, maistang, og korps. <br />
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Folk song from Chuvashia. Folkesang: Han synger på Tsjuvansk. <br />
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Jeg tviler på at disse som Fadlan beskrev dvs. de østlige Skyterne som ble kalt "Rus" har noe med de nordiske vikingene å gjøre, slik som noen prøver å få oss til å tro. De kulturelle likhetene er relatert til den tidlig Buddhistiske (Saiva) innflytelsen hos både de arkaiske Indo-Grekere & Det Vestlige Rommeriket og blant de Indo-Skytiske folkene på de Sentral Asiatiske steppene. Noen av forskjellene kan man finne beskrevet i de oppgitte kildene og videoene. Beskrivelsen av dem passer ikke inn med gjenlevninger av det eldgamle dvs. arkaiske vest europeiske folkene for eksempel fra Arran i Skottland eller fra jernalderens Danmark (e.g. myr mumiene). De eldste og før-middelalderske folk i Vest-Europa var mest sannsynlig forbundet med Kelterne og med tidlige Indoeuropeiske folk som hadde kommet vestover via sørlige veier, for eksempel sjøfarende folk som kom via Midtøsten, Tyrkia, og de arkaisk Greske og Italienske områdene.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdQt5LjSYJBl_VL7ElpNTJLilzbye-TQmCTHwAkMv38n1aZc4eyQmErePb0gvwoNYCda_xZGhbTkYoDKSxhLGfhPof9L21xzaTpXIqlZyz6dwNmdWNjuLAVxOCwAietOlWvMGHSgAvxAC/s1600/chinese+laplander+and+other+people.tif" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdQt5LjSYJBl_VL7ElpNTJLilzbye-TQmCTHwAkMv38n1aZc4eyQmErePb0gvwoNYCda_xZGhbTkYoDKSxhLGfhPof9L21xzaTpXIqlZyz6dwNmdWNjuLAVxOCwAietOlWvMGHSgAvxAC/s400/chinese+laplander+and+other+people.tif" width="400" /></a></div>
Chinese (Kineser), Laplander (Samisk), Hottentot, Neger & American (Amerikaner). Print from 1700- 1800's. A tall Chinese man. En høyvokst kineser.<br />
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The Scythian people migrated westwards over the grass steppes to Eastern Europe and they merged with the <b>Eastern Christian cultures</b> that developed. Later several groups of people from Eastern Europe (e.g. Darian’s, Jews, Vandals, Sarmatia’s and others) were pressured towards Western Europe during the medieval period. The Scythians had been christianized and became a violent wave of christian crusaders as Islam established in eastern Europe and pressured them further west into Europe. The ancient Scythians are later known as Kurgans and Sarmatia’s. They did without doubt migrate further westwards than for instance modern Ukraine.<br />
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De skytiske folkene migrerte vestover over gresslandet på steppene til Øst-Europa og der blandet de seg etterhvert med disse <b>østlige kristne kulturene</b> som hadde utviklet seg. Senere ble flere grupper av folk fra Øst-Europa(for eksempel Dacias, Jøder, Vandaler, Sarmatia og andre) presset mot Vest-Europa i middelalderen. Skyterne var blitt kristnet og ble en voldelig bølge av korsfarere ettersom Islam etablerte seg i øst og presset dem videre vestover i Europa. De gamle skyterne er senere benevnt som Kurgan og Sarmatian. De migrerte uten tvil lengre vest enn til dagens Ukraina.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGbihL5vXikR0sElWly1XkniuflutyilNPYP7h49X96hxUt2Zdx-GV9t89qWNRZXi0m37jeCR4k4AGV59e-ax1do0O6LsKj7p3HRrHYZwCBlMi1FR_akyHU6TlratjyHyLt0BbUiDd6-r/s1600/Medieval_military_Sochi.+Photo+by+Alexander+V.+Solomin%252Cm+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGbihL5vXikR0sElWly1XkniuflutyilNPYP7h49X96hxUt2Zdx-GV9t89qWNRZXi0m37jeCR4k4AGV59e-ax1do0O6LsKj7p3HRrHYZwCBlMi1FR_akyHU6TlratjyHyLt0BbUiDd6-r/s400/Medieval_military_Sochi.+Photo+by+Alexander+V.+Solomin%252Cm+2012.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
Medieval military outfit Sochi. Photo by Alexander V. Solomin, 2012.<br />
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In medieval time Denmark was named after several of these arriving crusaders from Eastern Europe: The name of present Denmark and parts of Swedish Scandia became “<b>Dacia</b>” (Nicolai Doni, 1482 Map). The Dacians were ancient people of Romania that had been pressured westwards with other groups of Eastern Europeans. Another part of Denmark was called “<b>Judland</b>” (P. Claussøn Friis, 1632, page 9. in "Norriges oc omliggende Øers sandfærdige Bescriffuelse") after the arriving Jewish populations from the same areas; this area of Denmark is today called “Jylland”.<br />
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Still today there are clear folkloristic parallels of medieval origin(e.g. dance, folk songs, traditional garments, musical instruments, art) between people in parts of Southern Scandinavia and these Eastern European groups of people, e.g. Carpathian Romania.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoTH7LEXYW116zKnkpCxyHKOXPaK0lO4sFlJtNyiG2mPKUo5XRGnx2IqS_uOtS1IpMvha05zm7gTn3bYo3UfOk-fI1zRRzZzcyauMN67pEqkJ4eo9-e4CM28Zy1qAiH17s35-6Pd3JmAmz/s1600/Juter+Friis+1632+side+9.tif" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="32" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoTH7LEXYW116zKnkpCxyHKOXPaK0lO4sFlJtNyiG2mPKUo5XRGnx2IqS_uOtS1IpMvha05zm7gTn3bYo3UfOk-fI1zRRzZzcyauMN67pEqkJ4eo9-e4CM28Zy1qAiH17s35-6Pd3JmAmz/s400/Juter+Friis+1632+side+9.tif" width="400" /></a></div>
Read the book - Les boken: <a href="http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/4f651ada3de233c7e13bd4a43fd6f7e4#&struct=DIV18" target="_blank"">Norriges oc omliggende Øers sandfærdige</a> Peder Claussøn Friis, 1632 <br />
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I middelalderen fikk<b> Danmark</b> navn etter flere av disse korsfarere folkene fra Øst-Europa: Navnet til dagens Danmark og deler av Skåne i Sverige ble kalt “<b>Dacia</b>” (ref. kartet til Nicolai Doni, 1482). Dacian folket er et gammelt folk fra Romania som også delvis var blitt presset vestover med andre grupper av øst-europeere. En annen del av Danmark ble kalt “<b>Judland</b>” (ref. P. Claussøn Friis, 1632, side 9, i "Norriges oc omliggende Øers sandfærdige Bescriffuelse"), navnet fikk de etter Jødiske befolkninger som kom i samme bølge; i dag kalles dette området for “Jylland”.<br />
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Fremdeles kan man se klare folkloristiske paralleller fra middelalderen mellom det sørlige Skandinavia og disse Øst-Europeiske gruppene av folk, for eksempel med folk i Karpathian Romania.<br />
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People of Scythian descent were a later arriving group of Indo-Europeans or Euroasians. The earliest Indo-Europeans had come via southern paths e.g Middle East, Archaic Greek and Italy (Rome).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLekR9SLS_cmjncdTs47WQS1QTDScD-QTXTkRBGkGnp4L00dsNprbGwwkxvzfo-4lklg3CBgoFE5bIhzgO91bbBAjZoxB1dYwo25XxYfLJdFvURe4suctwmshArBV3xDxML22N0VVfGuA/s1600/423px-Parsons._Circassian_Warrior._1862.jpg" imageanchor="1" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLekR9SLS_cmjncdTs47WQS1QTDScD-QTXTkRBGkGnp4L00dsNprbGwwkxvzfo-4lklg3CBgoFE5bIhzgO91bbBAjZoxB1dYwo25XxYfLJdFvURe4suctwmshArBV3xDxML22N0VVfGuA/s400/423px-Parsons._Circassian_Warrior._1862.jpg" width="282" /></a></div>
Illustration of Circassian, 1862. The Indo-Scythian people is also called Caucasian people, they early spread to North-Africa, Greece, Spain and destroyed the archaic pagan Roman Empire. Later during the medieval period they came to Western Europe because of the expansion of Islam in the areas of Constantinople.<br />
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De Indo-Skytiske folkene er også kalt Kaukasiske folk, og de spredte seg tidlig til Nord-Afrika, Hellas, Spania og det var de som ødela det første før-kristne Romerriket. I løpet av middelalderen kom flere av disse folkegruppene til Vest-Europa da Islam spredte seg i områdene rundt Konstantinopel. Thor Heyerdahl har jo også påpekt at hans folk kom fra de områdene, selv om han nok kan ha tatt feil mht. Odins opprinnelse der. Det er jeg usikker på, fordi stedsnavn Udin, Udine navnet kan følges over de sentralasiatiske sletter og inn i Norden, de Baltiske stater og vestlige Russland. De samme kan plassnavn som helt klart kan assosieres med "det jødiske".<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-ERGpSHD-pmWswtEqsY34QvgkPzH-wy4yKoaIdzhdXsaE9o8zZP4p_lYMInWd-58iD_iKh-32qFf9DX47nxGak1ueSuIWY3raI_43n-_d6Egp4vippeMYdEOJ4YOkTUfLcjJvx2I_Xpv/s1600/Batu_Han+photo+by+Maderibeyza%252C+2007.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-ERGpSHD-pmWswtEqsY34QvgkPzH-wy4yKoaIdzhdXsaE9o8zZP4p_lYMInWd-58iD_iKh-32qFf9DX47nxGak1ueSuIWY3raI_43n-_d6Egp4vippeMYdEOJ4YOkTUfLcjJvx2I_Xpv/s400/Batu_Han+photo+by+Maderibeyza%252C+2007.JPG" width="298" /></a></div>
Batu Khan - Batu Han. Photo by Maderibeyza, 2007
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Descendants of the ancient Scythians were not Vikings, the Scythians were Christian crusaders of the Medieval. They had been christianized by the Jews. Khan is a Jewish name, is it possible that the Jews have several different origins.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vPa5suClZpZvci_7raDTQUfnuEVJCxo0HFM2k0LbVb3851aPoJJaKlTuqpI5A4DAHCWgtmFhA1PU6A8nNQZBBFhPy-VhfLXVrEYBxDIsWOOyZ1G4jy2KZ1hrLeIlgpjwuGOyJbSEtCh3/s1600/Marco+polo+on+knees+and+Kublai+Polo+Khan+on+throne.+Picture+downloaded+by+Ravil+Kayumov%252C+2006.tif" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vPa5suClZpZvci_7raDTQUfnuEVJCxo0HFM2k0LbVb3851aPoJJaKlTuqpI5A4DAHCWgtmFhA1PU6A8nNQZBBFhPy-VhfLXVrEYBxDIsWOOyZ1G4jy2KZ1hrLeIlgpjwuGOyJbSEtCh3/s400/Marco+polo+on+knees+and+Kublai+Polo+Khan+on+throne.+Picture+downloaded+by+Ravil+Kayumov%252C+2006.tif" width="264" /></a></div>
Kublai Khan on throne and Marco polo on knees. Picture downloaded by Ravil Kayumov, 2006
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Etterkommerne av de gamle skyterne var ikke vikinger, skyterne var korsfarere som kom vestover i middelalderen. De hadde tidlig blitt kristnet av jødene. Khan er et jødisk navn, kan det være slik at Jødene har ulik opprinnelse?
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<img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4pM1EkxYWyk4a99m04oXP7rak7re-48pLOz__I-vlwiI25fwnh4nB6qZ5qbq2ZkNk9_OEnYFavraj5j3LMcB54TrJ9jYibmquox4eDoKLV6CCrf2aKaAHgj1enzwydRhrQDrxMlgtWyja/s320/Jewish+Children+with+their+Teacher+in+Samarkand.+Russia%252C+created+by+Sergei+Mikhailovich+Prokudin-Gorskii+a-Russian+Empire+from+1909+to+1915.+-+Kopi.jpg" width="202" /> <img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9S86mFG8DvJ9qFGO9OglX_KoneV06Bk6-M7tpwLyClj9RSzBixBnNFIMa0ci9U4-Lgd-qSnaV5RLwCeXChEVgagfLoyWpHRkqEW8jzETNc75sjW9yAUsBR_vI0fR1XZ3YSJjI2Q7emKjS/s320/Grandfather+Vlas+by+Rafail+Sergeevich+Levitsky+%25281895%2529.+The+Chuvash+State+Art+Museum%252C+Chuvashia+Republic.+1895.+Public.JPG" width="249" /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Tbe6WfUtYi3HPW-4-1WOMOK-WXyV7FKclsBuKPtBExWyb8DGAz92jAIx6ipdqn6yqo-NrzNltHexmra5J9IWArgiUk-QhzxbvLNVLfnl9cMAlPo4iyOCOMkIfaGreki8SCItZbGaJ404/s1600/Bukharan+Jews+before+1899..jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Tbe6WfUtYi3HPW-4-1WOMOK-WXyV7FKclsBuKPtBExWyb8DGAz92jAIx6ipdqn6yqo-NrzNltHexmra5J9IWArgiUk-QhzxbvLNVLfnl9cMAlPo4iyOCOMkIfaGreki8SCItZbGaJ404/s320/Bukharan+Jews+before+1899..jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Photos: Jewish Children with their Teacher in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand" target="_blank"">Samarkand</a>. Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915. Jødiske barn og deres lærer i Samarkand, Russiske Riket mellom 1909 og 1915.
The next photo is of a painting of a Jewish man. Grandfather Vlas by Rafail Sergeevich Levitsky (1895). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvashia" target="_blank"">Chuvashia</a> Republic. 1895. Det neste bilde er av et maleri av en jødisk mann.
The Black white photo is of Bukharan Jews before 1890. Svart hvitt fotografiet er av jøder fra <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" target="_blank"">Bukhara</a> før 1890.
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<small>"Jute" is found in a book by Samuel Kliger (1952): “The Goths in England: A Study in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Thought”. In this book by Kliger he makes word connections between “Jute” and “Gothic” and he mentions old English names that might be identical with a Geat-form:
Northumbriam [Iote, Iotan], Mercian [Eote, Eota], Early West Saxon [Yete, Ietan], Late West Saxon [Yte, Ytan].
The connection made here between “Goth” and “Jute” is likely an intended confusion. The Goths was first of all related to the archaic pagan Roman Empire governed from Rome. The ancient Nordic Goths in the Nordic was related to an Iron Age culture, while the Jute is related to Medieval Christian migrations from the Eastern Christian Roman Empire governed from Constantinople. Research has shown that the Nordic Saga literature which includes the Edda books has been changed until recent history by the Christians, so it is not a good source. If you see this history in a medieval perspective it becomes interesting.
I have previously in this blog mentioned a book “Eddalæren og dens oprindelse” by Finn Magnusen (1824): It is told about mythological "Giants" i.e. "Jætter" (danish language). The Swedish Sami Laplanders called the Giants for ”Jatton” and the Finlanders used several names to describe them such as “Jätit”, “Jutut”, “Jutas” or “Jattolaisit”. The younger Norwegians call them “Jutul” or “Risar”. I am ignoring the mythological semantics regarding these names mentioned by Magnusen, the syntax resemblance of these names are interesting in relation to "Khotan" and “Hotan” and for the ones mentioned by Kliger to e.g. Jute and Iotan. Khotan and Hotan were ancient Buddhist cultures of the Central Asian steppes. See previous blog. The cultures of the Central Asian Steppes such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" target="_blank"">Hotan</a> were also inspired by the first Buddhist (Saiva) cultures of southwestern Asia such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" target="_blank"">Khotan</a>. </small>
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LINKS:<br />
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<a href="http://designhistory2009.blogspot.com/2009/03/post2-clare-scythian-tattoo.html" target="_blank"">Scythian / Pazyryk Tattoo</a></div>
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<a href="http://designhistory2009.blogspot.com/2009/03/post2-clare-scythian-tattoo.html" target="_blank""></a><br />
Ancient Khotan Volume 1 and Volume 2, Serindia volume 1 – 5, Innermost Asia, Volume 1 – 4, The Thousands Buddhas, Ruins of Desert Catay, On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks and Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu: <a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en" target="_blank"">Stein, Marc Aurel</a></div>
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<a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en" target="_blank""></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Aurel%20stein" target="_blank"">Books by Aurel Stein at www.archive.org</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/4f651ada3de233c7e13bd4a43fd6f7e4#&struct=DIV18" target="_blank"">Norriges oc omliggende Øers sandfærdige</a> Peder Claussøn Friis, 1632 <br />
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In these links you can see photos of a mummy of an ancient Scythian Male with blonde hair and tattoos. They were still present on the grass-steppe-lands of Central Asia between 8th to 3rd Century BCE or <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2517siberian.html" target="_blank"">even older</a>: This mummy has been exhibited in Germany in a show called “Under the sign of the Golden Griffin”. In one of the videos posted it is told that they had no written language. As shown by the excavations by Stein Aurel the Scythian people had early adopted an early form of Buddhism as is reflected in their ancient <a href="http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7.html" target="_blank"">culture</a> .<br />
One of the Scythian cultures is called <a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/Pazyryk_culture" target="_blank"">Pazyryk</a>, several mummies are found from these ancient people, similar traditions as the later Ukrainian Scythians or <a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Kurgans" target="_blank"">Kurgans</a> and the Caucasian people such as the <a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Sarmatians" target="_blank"">Sarmatians</a>.<br />
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PHOTOS:<br />
<a href="http://www.elixirofknowledge.com/2010/12/origin-and-early-practice-of-tattoos.html" target="_blank"">Blog with photos of Scythian male Mummy with tattoos</a><br />
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<a href="http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/948369/1/" target="_blank"">Schytian Remains</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/tattoo.html" target="_blank"">Article about the Tattoos</a><br />
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<img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJh2ShVniWJU6NRAPAuRpBjhHhGuPujHNCZDUQdXhLfITHgT8QanAxhL3IWDg9w-e_LTQ_0RaWkiNE657bz3nItrk0M_4sP02ofDPEIHQLN8k5ZG5snLzPQBiWrTlW9r0sgWV-IfMr2Jka/s400/Khans+of+the+four+uluses+Tem%25C3%25BCr+%2528Yuan%2529%252C+Chapar+%2528Ulus+of+%25C3%2596gedei%2529%252C+Toqta+%2528Golden+Horde%2529%252C+%25C3%2596ljait%25C3%25BC+%2528Ilkhanate%2529.Hayton+of+Corycus%252C+Fleur+des+histoires+d%2527orient..jpeg" width="400" /></div>
Khans of the four uluses Temür (Yuan), Chapar (Ulus of Ögedei), Toqta (Golden Horde), Öljaitü (Ilkhanate).Hayton of Corycus, Fleur des histoires d'orient.
The Circassians are related to Chods or Chods or Khodz are related to more northern people like those of Chuvash. These are likely old names related to Jewish people. Origin seems to be the Central Asian steppes and large groups migrated to and settled in the areas around the Black Sea and Caucasus. However the people of Circassia and related people expanded fast with the Khanates in the Medieval Period. From depictions of the Western Hordes, these must have been of other ethnic origin than the eastern Khans. As can be seen from place names along their migration paths they were Jewish people. Several of the ancient places had or have Jewish related names such as Yotkan and Khodz.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2cJahEeBDk-9snDc75hTFeCvvFlNEtP4f9pKIQkQu6aleJBrUpwtzxWstIu9Edy778XFZETZwpW9RaNeMMp4eJ5ZLMPKZicvEHGvkb2wHAlZk3yPRCuAn6rXs1G4qidvJVpiMDYA3ggL/s1600/Circassians_in_Israel+public.Jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2cJahEeBDk-9snDc75hTFeCvvFlNEtP4f9pKIQkQu6aleJBrUpwtzxWstIu9Edy778XFZETZwpW9RaNeMMp4eJ5ZLMPKZicvEHGvkb2wHAlZk3yPRCuAn6rXs1G4qidvJVpiMDYA3ggL/s200/Circassians_in_Israel+public.Jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2-dGTpfVVYFHOYQO3Jz0fQm1BUL8p24gsQEeXA_SKpUrmGywOZ5vjqYKEz5LUOUG5Ro1Z30t3Pa11OD6KwS6g9Y5-6Vptv87tvzB8AObOfWeOR_aM8zxxP_3yERNxkEoXQiIKlehLe4Yk/s1600/Cherkess7+public.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2-dGTpfVVYFHOYQO3Jz0fQm1BUL8p24gsQEeXA_SKpUrmGywOZ5vjqYKEz5LUOUG5Ro1Z30t3Pa11OD6KwS6g9Y5-6Vptv87tvzB8AObOfWeOR_aM8zxxP_3yERNxkEoXQiIKlehLe4Yk/s200/Cherkess7+public.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
Photos: 1) Circassian in present day Israel. 2) Cherkess or Circassians.
Jewish related names which came westwards with medieval migrations and settlements: Chuvash is a republic of Russia south east of Kazan. Their language is in Norwegian called “Tsjuvasjisk” or “tsjuvask”, in Polish language “czuwaski” in Ukraine it is named “чуваська / tsjuvas'ka”. Chudovo (Tsjudovo) is a town in Novgorod Oblast in Russia. “Chud” is also related to Estonia and in western Russia the Veps which according to Ronald Wixman (The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook) had names like “Chud” and “Chudin”. Even in the Sami areas of Murmansk Oblast there is a place name “Chudz'yavr”. “Chudin” in Belarus, “Chuden” in Germany, “Chudec” and “Chudir” in the Czech Republic, “Chudek” and “Chudow” in Poland. “Chud” are place names in Vladimirskaya Oblast and Ivanovskaya Oblast Russia. Then there are “Chudel, Chudey, Chudin and Chudla” in Ukraine and there is Khodz in Georgia (Ossetia) and “Khodz” is a river and a town in the Russian republic of Adygeya. These are a few of the names which indicate the migration and settlement of the Jews in medieval Europe and Caucasus.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6o9SQzyPKnLLwdlxaWYTZZRSXPQVwrRGa2cuqTFHJJOWSwitIQXYiB9mMxP0wD1cQhD558FA__yafCve6zeWpF9_1OJsc0L1o26x6FzBlbVzKZnqYoK-Fmc5UBp6mgua__tBbSSWabyeg/s1600/588px-Muromian-map.+Map+by+Wiglaf+2007.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6o9SQzyPKnLLwdlxaWYTZZRSXPQVwrRGa2cuqTFHJJOWSwitIQXYiB9mMxP0wD1cQhD558FA__yafCve6zeWpF9_1OJsc0L1o26x6FzBlbVzKZnqYoK-Fmc5UBp6mgua__tBbSSWabyeg/s400/588px-Muromian-map.+Map+by+Wiglaf+2007.png" width="392" /></a></div>
Muromian-map. Map by Wiglaf 2007. See place names "Chudes" in present day Estonia.<br />
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Old art from the 12th Century in Spain shows how people from the Black Sea areas and Caucasus killed ancient people of Spain. Here is an example from the ancient monument of Avila Basilica de San Vicente. Who were these historical warrior peoples? In Spain they have left traces in e.g. place names as for instance “Alanis”. The same names are found in the areas around the Black Sea and likely were related to the people that previously had migrated from the Central Asian steppes to first of all Eastern Europe and Caucasus. They were Samaritans e.g. Alans and Vandals.
Pay attention to the etnicity of the attacking people, their origin was not from Spain:
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT4UOHfX1BEbDDv8laoBBuCvUUGkqfplFz8wfSWm0TMJbnFSquJ2s4xWfAg7RAuWTpRvS-S94QjKvE6xaR5VxzftgOI69iJddDVg5PJZI-uyqiNK9m1XrEcZgdE3BTg3wNmOtgIyXD_2EN/s1600/Virgen+de+la+Soterra%25C3%25B1a%252C+en+la+bas%25C3%25ADlica+de+San+Vicente+%2528%25C3%2581vila%2529.+Photo+by+Outisnn%252C+2009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT4UOHfX1BEbDDv8laoBBuCvUUGkqfplFz8wfSWm0TMJbnFSquJ2s4xWfAg7RAuWTpRvS-S94QjKvE6xaR5VxzftgOI69iJddDVg5PJZI-uyqiNK9m1XrEcZgdE3BTg3wNmOtgIyXD_2EN/s400/Virgen+de+la+Soterra%25C3%25B1a%252C+en+la+bas%25C3%25ADlica+de+San+Vicente+%2528%25C3%2581vila%2529.+Photo+by+Outisnn%252C+2009.JPG" width="278" /></a></div>
Virgin Soterraña, en la basílica de San Vicente (Ávila). Photo by Outisnn, 2009
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw6x2MLFfQvMOwmicyvFjn4quMU4xliEdn8uEiedLiMTchhyzt8s5QyFHmkdzoeiVYVmeIQGi0hdAg2eUk3IVxkzRauFLb8xv2wgpV0sAqj0Ghi51P_3tqBcLKCMuB9DaDIoN2QG4zjjGr/s1600/Spain++Avila+iglesia+San+Vicente+cenotafio+martires.+Photo+by+Lourdes+Cardenal%252C+2009.+Pay+attention+to+the+snake+around+his+neck..tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw6x2MLFfQvMOwmicyvFjn4quMU4xliEdn8uEiedLiMTchhyzt8s5QyFHmkdzoeiVYVmeIQGi0hdAg2eUk3IVxkzRauFLb8xv2wgpV0sAqj0Ghi51P_3tqBcLKCMuB9DaDIoN2QG4zjjGr/s400/Spain++Avila+iglesia+San+Vicente+cenotafio+martires.+Photo+by+Lourdes+Cardenal%252C+2009.+Pay+attention+to+the+snake+around+his+neck..tif" width="400" /></a></div>
Spain Avila iglesia San Vicente cenotafio martires. Photo by Lourdes Cardenal, 2009. Pay attention to the snake around his neck.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAqaPYnJqw5vUSBtpovKoZY3x5mD5ARFcsJDGFhgp9g1IvIZ95rOWvyoAGygIgW4zEjNNBYd0l3upX4I4MT6rSXyNHlBXCwxvHDTEgtJI8Ga1RiZzARHrY2IHAbiOt8maQB7aoVGX-tjb/s1600/Spain+3+Avila+iglesia+San+Vicente+cenotafio+martires.+Photo+by+Lourdes+Cardenal%252C+2009..tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAqaPYnJqw5vUSBtpovKoZY3x5mD5ARFcsJDGFhgp9g1IvIZ95rOWvyoAGygIgW4zEjNNBYd0l3upX4I4MT6rSXyNHlBXCwxvHDTEgtJI8Ga1RiZzARHrY2IHAbiOt8maQB7aoVGX-tjb/s400/Spain+3+Avila+iglesia+San+Vicente+cenotafio+martires.+Photo+by+Lourdes+Cardenal%252C+2009..tif" width="393" /></a></div>
Spain Avila iglesia San Vicente cenotafio martires. Photo by Lourdes Cardenal, 2009.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03OuuaRqnLxnLR8rfVIq0451qWTDPsYTaKLrjdcHfI03cL6rCXjPoqncsXZpEaVIp9w0bFqOn7umbhu0KaGbClZmtfNnkKuI3JEFYovnS1UlNp4mD6ytQwnI5Cu5JCGKaRa9FVFyVs6qP/s1600/Spain+2+Bas%25C3%25ADlica+de+los+Santos+Hermanos+M%25C3%25A1rtires%252C+photo+by+Outisnn%252C+2009..tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03OuuaRqnLxnLR8rfVIq0451qWTDPsYTaKLrjdcHfI03cL6rCXjPoqncsXZpEaVIp9w0bFqOn7umbhu0KaGbClZmtfNnkKuI3JEFYovnS1UlNp4mD6ytQwnI5Cu5JCGKaRa9FVFyVs6qP/s400/Spain+2+Bas%25C3%25ADlica+de+los+Santos+Hermanos+M%25C3%25A1rtires%252C+photo+by+Outisnn%252C+2009..tif" width="400" /></a></div>
Spain Basílica de los Santos Hermanos Mártires, photo by Outisnn, 2009.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5SG80PZZXmjvdEflIJ346jiDHegYqfMpbykYkbTRtcTTnt4-x9fqrqNcv29qG8Cnkk2vQa_pWt6k0qsyXmnwW_DGVWqhMr9k1KkzCJROWrMnoFwGLdC6vt3C7z4NUAgswzZvlUxvH7zqx/s1600/Spain+1+Avila+Basilica+San+Vicente%252C+interiores+%2528Sepulcro+de+los+Santos%2529.+Photo+by+Zarateman%252C+2010..tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5SG80PZZXmjvdEflIJ346jiDHegYqfMpbykYkbTRtcTTnt4-x9fqrqNcv29qG8Cnkk2vQa_pWt6k0qsyXmnwW_DGVWqhMr9k1KkzCJROWrMnoFwGLdC6vt3C7z4NUAgswzZvlUxvH7zqx/s400/Spain+1+Avila+Basilica+San+Vicente%252C+interiores+%2528Sepulcro+de+los+Santos%2529.+Photo+by+Zarateman%252C+2010..tif" width="400" /></a></div>
Spain Avila Basilica San Vicente, interiores (Sepulcro de los Santos). Photo by Zarateman, 2010.
The videos are about the ancient grass-land steppe cultures:
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Saamibloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110847942227774415noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-40662992843542259232011-09-18T12:11:00.009+02:002011-09-30T05:43:16.621+02:00Three Ancient Gods: From Buddhist Taxila, from the United Kingdom and from Sweden<center> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 106px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9m3QkwIpxHxD9EgogSrRt2NwUg0OjnRD4HYhAu2BRXjGTaK0Z2RkB_CC-YojKjpwFw6mNWLUtBfAIJ6zyWg8IbmEJNw9s2TWFEb_lcTVj7FNqteZ-DiriLEaOn67MrAGVhBzKE-RjHeC/s200/4079632257_dd60bea373_z+-+Kopi.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510736286552370" /> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 133px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyWjAwTkzqmiWe5kos6_TDkqj-7-mEWaAdHvX5DA7GouAMe0QDpt83XVplrk1HXMFbkczBKZ1JOeYGwaeYeziKVcjXgVtsC1cGDWjZC5D20Xya8xZZR1akAISs8n6XmupOp1SzKz_YFZi/s200/Kirby-Underdale-6001+allowed+to+use+the+photo+by+Carol+Ross%252C+Britain+Express.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510827793455362" /> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 134px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNwhwbQHlaLIyzIqzhsKpJlSgXFVVk4i1rppdQ5QcemydncD4Kvdl6eD1Z7XEyz-O4i42KXcM0GG3McB_NVsPbMB_T_admDa2ytMaRNPGkkYH8LqPpHcpVmjG1SsqR-kCZBQEmzS1BNeH/s200/Statens+Historiska+Museum+17520.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510904299870738" /></center><b>1) Ancient India/ Pakistan - 2) Ancient Yorkshire, UK - 3) Ancient Nordic</b><br /><br />These are three ancient Gods with hammers. Two of them have high hats, one has a horned hat. Two of them have resembling shoes, on the God depiction from the Nordic the shoe tip is cut off. However, the Sami people of the Nordic areas have traditionally used similar shoes as can be seen on the other two Gods, both from Ancient India (present Taxila in Pakistan) and from the United Kingdom.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHXpPtuRUsR8OW-KFOIhbGNeP0EqbRM2HrT87vvxm_sdoL77Mvitxyd3kP6LGF-v_gUF5Ap9bFLw9dvuS__CaJSPgSD4T8q6U_bma0JV6AaE2Qo18UK-3xm9hXWTSPHNLwlTvZVtL2Lie9/s1600/4079632257_dd60bea373_z+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 212px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHXpPtuRUsR8OW-KFOIhbGNeP0EqbRM2HrT87vvxm_sdoL77Mvitxyd3kP6LGF-v_gUF5Ap9bFLw9dvuS__CaJSPgSD4T8q6U_bma0JV6AaE2Qo18UK-3xm9hXWTSPHNLwlTvZVtL2Lie9/s400/4079632257_dd60bea373_z+-+Kopi.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510029058526802" /></a> Photo by PHGCOM, 2005 Wikimedia GNU. Indo - Greek Buddhist Kanishka Casket detail. The Kanishka copper casket was found near Peshawar. This is ancient Indo-Greek art and the ancient God has a Greek (i.e. Hellenistic) costume according to the following site <a href="http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-08enl.html" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:85%;">www.cemml.colostate.edu</span></a>. The figures on the casket are holding a garland. This particular casket i likely the copy exhibited at the British Museum, the original is exhibited at the Museum of Peshawar. Dated to 127 CE (A.D.). Read more about the <a href="http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_casket" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:85%;">Kanishka Casket</span></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx8PQeRSkCjycP2WZl40FcOOEUi3Yh1W7hwTbkumHtbx_vJc1vJEe3IBATH9_trDgLg_it4EFK_4xZsGtH_pHcD3AekIXb4-kpj3pqm1w2lXE_RVqJE826khVfRThdPkzRwEOMaZh20vYe/s1600/Kirby-Underdale-6001+allowed+to+use+the+photo+by+Carol+Ross%252C+Britain+Express.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 266px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx8PQeRSkCjycP2WZl40FcOOEUi3Yh1W7hwTbkumHtbx_vJc1vJEe3IBATH9_trDgLg_it4EFK_4xZsGtH_pHcD3AekIXb4-kpj3pqm1w2lXE_RVqJE826khVfRThdPkzRwEOMaZh20vYe/s400/Kirby-Underdale-6001+allowed+to+use+the+photo+by+Carol+Ross%252C+Britain+Express.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510138511393122" /></a>Photo is used with permission by Carol Ross: Credits to <a href="http://www.britainexpress.com/photo.htm?photo=3089" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:100%;">Britain Express</span></a>.<br />A carved depiction of the Archaic Roman God Mercury from the 2nd or 3rd century, it is on the north west wall of the Kirby Underdale All Saints Church in Yorkshire, United Kingdom.<br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7lcO-l82krgoTpaeyF-Snd34b9GeJc3sT7pkoPXFK1kvOwio8jzIJ-XvCvVZVDH94weR4nRf8ESP-c0e6hYbWmgD_C51BBu1Dzv5AuA6SgD0RnFrR0p-EhoVxUBuTNegHDBb4no1xxN2/s1600/Statens+Historiska+Museum+17520.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 267px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7lcO-l82krgoTpaeyF-Snd34b9GeJc3sT7pkoPXFK1kvOwio8jzIJ-XvCvVZVDH94weR4nRf8ESP-c0e6hYbWmgD_C51BBu1Dzv5AuA6SgD0RnFrR0p-EhoVxUBuTNegHDBb4no1xxN2/s400/Statens+Historiska+Museum+17520.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653510226593716914" /></a></center> <center><div><div cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#""><span> <a rel="cc:attributionURL" href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=17520">Sören Hallgren SHM</a> <a rel="license" title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" target="_blank" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" border="0" /></a></span></div></div> </center> This is a depiction of what likely is an ancient God found in Kungsängen, Uppland in Sweden. It can be compared to Hermes and Mercury because of the horns. See depiction of a horned Mercury in the previous blog post. Item 17520, Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm. The bronze figure has a high horned hat, a hammer/weapon and crossed sticks. It is dated to the same time period as the other two gods, i.e. Nordic Iron Age. The Sami people of the Nordic are known to have used X-crosses when offering to the ancient Gods (ref. Knud Leem, in the 1720's in Porsanger Finnmark, Norway). There was a period in the Nordic called "Roman Iron Age".<br /><br />Again: Pay attention to the body ideals of these archaic Gods, they are quite different from the body ideals of the later arriving Christian Romans in Western Europe.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimVSPi7lSM9PmEwXZCUTml49fpzcOtQkJzJJ1SW2t45KPw2w10w69h90Arxi_TenNDwG6dq3SXg65XEWX7DrTcIdIWuJVflVgNxUXdZwLBnrsMOMyh2KMiqZ_BpTaSBm9vVh89mYXeIrbK/s1600/9943949_5bebaf6aeb_o.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 208px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimVSPi7lSM9PmEwXZCUTml49fpzcOtQkJzJJ1SW2t45KPw2w10w69h90Arxi_TenNDwG6dq3SXg65XEWX7DrTcIdIWuJVflVgNxUXdZwLBnrsMOMyh2KMiqZ_BpTaSBm9vVh89mYXeIrbK/s320/9943949_5bebaf6aeb_o.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653800796636285522" /></a> Traditional Sami shoes and clothing from Sweden. Photo by John Boyd (taisau, 2004).Saamibloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110847942227774415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-74004818504125476742011-02-20T16:47:00.148+01:002011-10-31T12:00:25.179+01:00About the Archaic Roman cultures of Western & Southern Europe<center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/miabacke/3728783489/in/photostream/" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRZ0AgHyCWzsvswi93nQN8cPQugKgncF93X7ZZp5VTjdYfeIt0dyBpPbNZg7lC2vY1DkTufkvU9zYjBXjdtTexj5m-Zp1iaRQuBEmOUrTb7JEMpBmDqHf-qYEDX6YGvsURO_Vs5PRPCpFq/s400/3728783489_ea20f18961_b.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626005487183865730" /></a></center> Flickr Photo by miabacke, 2009: Gallo Romeins Museum in Tongeren, Belgium. Archaic Roman Empire, Gallo Romans.<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZWpy3yzEmO3zykTqSmb9ogxXS0nsJWibRLn_0UGnaMYGgvFOEtWmVJ_MjhWQ38KGp7oABHKYXrGWKa1mZNlqrRiE5A6Ojvgp0v-Di1xcBsuIhP1xVPwl_ZXoGFDYWz3XLSU_xJa9d2mrQ/s1600/French+men+from+Normandy%252C+Tatihou-Bagpipe-Bodhran.+public+domain+photo.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; width: 240px; height: 320px; text-align: center; display: block; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5616250177813783810" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZWpy3yzEmO3zykTqSmb9ogxXS0nsJWibRLn_0UGnaMYGgvFOEtWmVJ_MjhWQ38KGp7oABHKYXrGWKa1mZNlqrRiE5A6Ojvgp0v-Di1xcBsuIhP1xVPwl_ZXoGFDYWz3XLSU_xJa9d2mrQ/s320/French+men+from+Normandy%252C+Tatihou-Bagpipe-Bodhran.+public+domain+photo.jpg" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span">French men from Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue in Normandy, France. Tatihou, Bagpipe and Bodhran (frame drum).</span><br /><br /><center> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 198px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgADTTVDEbZf_q8t76dw3ok98wig-4TreTVGT_8VVkb4E4u_mSzgloHCHSXdyjbRswk0bOCNYvcfX28AwLmXgNjjkwMXOuy8P60KbiUpTpZtovGBnNUdBhifR9YHF8AeAm7Xj0EJhFoHrYK/s200/Mosa%25C3%25AFque+retrouv%25C3%25A9+%25C3%25A0+Utique+repr%25C3%25A9sentant+Diane+chasseresse%252C+2%25C3%25A8me+moiti%25C3%25A9+du+II%25C3%25A8me+si%25C3%25A8cle+a.+p.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627449545207865698" /> A. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJW3pKLCwaXSrSKtOWC1lqVCAZTzP9vPv9UTs-uUrCDmgsca62vGa7KD_7O-e5dafzm3_214pp0j-CWzhr5p5Aiy8c1ywAnsIEnMOFKekHcbsnJdVKh_Q-zJmdZcvWMDIjHXbqLh2azEt/s1600/1270672376_fa7fb0079b_o+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 198px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYJW3pKLCwaXSrSKtOWC1lqVCAZTzP9vPv9UTs-uUrCDmgsca62vGa7KD_7O-e5dafzm3_214pp0j-CWzhr5p5Aiy8c1ywAnsIEnMOFKekHcbsnJdVKh_Q-zJmdZcvWMDIjHXbqLh2azEt/s200/1270672376_fa7fb0079b_o+-+Kopi.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627443548393763202" /></a> B.</center><center><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 160px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGySn3itF0Rnvnumay_kIUawaGB3PLfYXxLuqyyB14zE9r9sDROnIaFgZQZ3ZZ3aTran04u6DOpib7H-PQ13sD-aucl-6Qxjpzui0PItR0VNdf36yoENmW7s3T4W-epRFjsB0RBC6IJnu0/s200/Tunis_Carthage_Villa_romaine.+Tunis%252C+Mosa%25C3%25AFque+%25C3%25A0+la+villa+de+la+voli%25C3%25A8re+%25C3%25A0+Carthage.+public.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627442817320917426" /> C. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEf8Ah_tPabbi7nIHh-E5oddW2DDIm9lWFbnn3GrXAVoA-C-m_dN-53OELRJVuJGtW9xpXZrmdLn3M0ltvdcCs57UgYF7KqWpOe4kqKx4G74Kx2nS88cRLlK_UaQ6BnWyHZyFhJsTHtVPQ/s1600/Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_con_ritratto_di_donna_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%2527Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 160px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEf8Ah_tPabbi7nIHh-E5oddW2DDIm9lWFbnn3GrXAVoA-C-m_dN-53OELRJVuJGtW9xpXZrmdLn3M0ltvdcCs57UgYF7KqWpOe4kqKx4G74Kx2nS88cRLlK_UaQ6BnWyHZyFhJsTHtVPQ/s200/Milano_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Piatto_apulo_con_ritratto_di_donna_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%2527Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627441511746210722" /></a> D.</center></div><div><center><br /></center>A. Mosaic of Diane from the archaic Roman Empire. Bardo in Tunisia. Second Century CE. Mosaïque retrouvé à Utique représentant Diane chasseresse. Women hunted in the archaic Roman Empire, just as they did in the ancient Sami cultures (ref. e.g. the following wood cut by </div><div>Olaus Magnus, 1555). <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 124px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukpnXtgj4-vR3BEaJl-VoT9Axaqd15PwH_wMhcmV-bcJGyVaxkGflCVKzbB5OU7pa7i0l2HCBV2q61OxTwZCS2sF6RV-lGHwoJ3ZbFDLTnOMynHXsxAmvWFGf6pQXNiUqSrKnsM7d_IKE/s200/3721401986_130f924e5b_o.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629219956170331362" /> Sami hunters in the Nordic, a woman is depicted between two men.<br /></div>B. Detail of a larger archaic Roman Empire mosaic.<br />C. Mosaic from the archaic Roman Empire. Boy with Lasso. Tunis Carthage Villa romaine. Tunis, Mosaïque à la villa de la volière à Carthage.<br />D. Mosaic from the archaic Roman Empire. Plate with a depiction of a woman with a hat. Italy, exhibited at Milano Museo archeologico. Foto di Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25-7-2003. Compare this photo with one from the Nordic: <a href="http://bildarkivet.jamtli.com/bild.aspx?page=36&lan=J%C3%A4mtlands+l%C3%A4n&kommun=Berg&plats=storsj%C3%B6&rader=3&Kolumner=5&numinset=265&FotoId=108804" target="_blank">Photo of a Sami woman from Härjedalen in Sweden</a>.<br /><br /><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div> </div><div><b>I will again stress the importance to distinguish between two periods in history, a distinction that often is confused and silenced:</b><br /><br /><b>I]</b> <b>The archaic pre-christian Roman Empire was governed from Rome</b>. The archaic Roman Empire fell about 400 CE when they were attacked and plundered by the christian Romans from Byzantium. However, it took a long time to christianize Western Europe, they already had a religion. The Western Roman Empire disintegrated into many small kingdoms after 400 CE. The Archaic Roman cultures seem to have been a merge between the cultures of the indigenous European and that of the Indo-Greeks.<br /><br /><b>II]</b> The people of <b>the Eastern Roman Empire had early been christianized, they were first governed from Rome and later from Constantinople</b>. The people of the Eastern Roman Empire (later named Byzantine or Byzantium) were the ones that attacked and ruined Rome and the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became very rich e.g. because of their plunderings of the Archaic Romans. The eastern people of Byzantine always called themselves "Romans" even if the official language early had been changed from Latin to Greek (ref. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" target="_blank">Wikipedia: Early Middle Ages</a>). The Eastern Roman Empire lasted more than thousand years longer than the archaic Roman Empire. It fell from the 1200’s mainly due to expansion of Islam, e.g. the Ottoman Empire was established in 1299. This explains why the Christians with long agricultural traditions in South Eastern Europe (i.e. areas near the Black Sea) were pressured from the east and into Western Europe during the medieval period. These people were e.g. Dacian, Carphatians, Jews, and Scythians and <b><i>they mass-invaded Western Europe in a very violent wave from the early medieval</i></b>. In the 1400’s e.g. Denmark had been named “Dacia” (Map by Nicholas Doni, 1482) and Jylland (an area of Denmark) was called “Judland” (ref. Erich Pontoppidan, 1753).</div><br /><center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/28772513@N07/6297608959/in/photostream" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9bzhmqt3PM-zrW2STJudWb3pjPKFOVL2g3WBLff7XgXEINBoHnwhTySmQd4Vk1Au9Eg3qifeSkcCY9OQegZl2Nj03xwYc2Lc4aiOxj5jc95t9fWHsJOw8ZYioBiaQE8cfpmnGDYjpcP9/s320/Path+of+coins+of+the+Hoxne_Hoard_map.+British+Museum.+Photo+by+F%25C3%25A6%252C+2010.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5669595711546254306" /></a></center><small>Photo by Fæ, 2010. Path of the earliest migrations of Christian Eastern Romans from Byzantine and path coins of the Hoxne Hoard map. British Museum. During the first migrations they attacked and robbed the Western Romans, until the Western Roman Empire fell. In the medieval there were mass invations of different groups of people from the same areas in Byzantine, as Islam established in the south-eastern parts of Europe.</small><br /><div><br /><b>Who were the Eastern Romans?</b> <small><span class="Apple-style-span">They came from the Eastern European areas west of the Black Sea, from Constantinople and other Turkic areas (e.g. Smyrna). Phrygia: The Christian Phryigians with red conical caps, similar to the one of the Dacian man in the photo a). There are many Turk names in the southern part of the Nordic and in Europe (e.g. Turku in southern Finland, Dürkheim in Germany, Turken and Durken in Sweden, Turkli and Turkarstad in southern Norway). Were their origin also from the ancient area called Tracii or Thracia? They called themselves Caucasians. Christianity developed early in Armenia and in Constantinople and in South Eastern Europe. Most of the people in the later areas Byzantium were part of the archaic Roman Empire before ca. 400 CE. Click on the following photos:</span></small><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEO39sRji71qC17iNqdzzhFFi9S-o6Kk-qmAeU2XLixI2CnBSvYwQcqMSfMhlSf7xI2U3q0s9Ljj1CNhlEHMCv3Ck75X5_7FfcECRiGVSctxP7Y5NefXfyKv7dp0fuzqWesaVoxx7iNO_G/s1600/Testa_di_dace%252C_dal_foro_di_traiano%252C_inv__2214.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 62px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEO39sRji71qC17iNqdzzhFFi9S-o6Kk-qmAeU2XLixI2CnBSvYwQcqMSfMhlSf7xI2U3q0s9Ljj1CNhlEHMCv3Ck75X5_7FfcECRiGVSctxP7Y5NefXfyKv7dp0fuzqWesaVoxx7iNO_G/s200/Testa_di_dace%252C_dal_foro_di_traiano%252C_inv__2214.+Photo+by+Sailko%252C+2010.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629238931262675026" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0SzmJ31lhKNTeUHxl21XhDNDKxE7f4WJ1FnGN8112TgBJuenCEn4yqTuHjPIE9YDxlxz1-k5OG5ZQRdB3nl3LdWzdpRhDU9BQ3ljVnHRdMJc81aemGssixwANhcdpVEllkWr0QT8DprC/s1600/Illustration+aus+der+Schedel%2527schen+Weltchronik%252C+Blatt+135+verso.+Constantinople.+1493.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 134px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0SzmJ31lhKNTeUHxl21XhDNDKxE7f4WJ1FnGN8112TgBJuenCEn4yqTuHjPIE9YDxlxz1-k5OG5ZQRdB3nl3LdWzdpRhDU9BQ3ljVnHRdMJc81aemGssixwANhcdpVEllkWr0QT8DprC/s200/Illustration+aus+der+Schedel%2527schen+Weltchronik%252C+Blatt+135+verso.+Constantinople.+1493.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629238698441606146" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9sa5P5Q7nnEd490lrSyZIWcceMb8Kt-Tz21SbTQ6KYc-CdfgMlpzF2_B1IahgqDZIvBGhEVFSY43IgqncgKauVeKyrs9k-GHUbvqsk4IXef5JoAOr8upZ0aEqM3NbQWPakRoD43Dfxqn/s1600/Sardonyx+cameo+depicting+constantine+the+great+crowned+by+Constantinople%252C+4th+century+AD.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 107px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ9sa5P5Q7nnEd490lrSyZIWcceMb8Kt-Tz21SbTQ6KYc-CdfgMlpzF2_B1IahgqDZIvBGhEVFSY43IgqncgKauVeKyrs9k-GHUbvqsk4IXef5JoAOr8upZ0aEqM3NbQWPakRoD43Dfxqn/s200/Sardonyx+cameo+depicting+constantine+the+great+crowned+by+Constantinople%252C+4th+century+AD.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629238499310431794" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPij7AfzyBZlFbym2_HdZ8I1D0mcKR5Jslb2DD4EMODVwPCGng5Uh38Oo-852TxFSfX3gzP0i_ruxUAf7RQxfRSFhcXom57_-FCVDBjGE_uRecYo-TgxtC-z9qXuHpzUcSc1czApygtqer/s1600/Skiluros_Archaeological_Museum_of_Odessa.+Scythian+king.+Photo+by+Erud%252C+2010.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 102px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPij7AfzyBZlFbym2_HdZ8I1D0mcKR5Jslb2DD4EMODVwPCGng5Uh38Oo-852TxFSfX3gzP0i_ruxUAf7RQxfRSFhcXom57_-FCVDBjGE_uRecYo-TgxtC-z9qXuHpzUcSc1czApygtqer/s200/Skiluros_Archaeological_Museum_of_Odessa.+Scythian+king.+Photo+by+Erud%252C+2010.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629238208018098610" /></a> </center> </div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><small> a) Dacian man. Photo by Sailko, 2010. b) Illustration from the Schedel'schen Weltchronik, Blatt 135 verso. 1493. Constantinople. c) Sardonyx cameo depicting constantine the great crowned by Constantinople, 4th century CE. d) Scythian king Skiluros. Exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Odessa. Photo by Erud, 2010. </small></span><br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span">The Cultures of The Archaic Roman Empire</span></b></div><div><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-3Yf4B9A9RtbJMuoU9n_0T914NIXTyZZA7l1LKyYP0bmA_zMkU_Pj8RYqTtFI9SK0KFSpVLVR38j1fOTSVLQZp8hwqatOIlqh_xtjd5SnLHCz6WYgTE-d9gccoptJ69NFZhJQvrGlFWA/s1600/Ancient+Technology+Centre+Cranborne+-+geograph.org.uk+-+292299.+Photo+by+Simon+Barnes%252C+2006.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-3Yf4B9A9RtbJMuoU9n_0T914NIXTyZZA7l1LKyYP0bmA_zMkU_Pj8RYqTtFI9SK0KFSpVLVR38j1fOTSVLQZp8hwqatOIlqh_xtjd5SnLHCz6WYgTE-d9gccoptJ69NFZhJQvrGlFWA/s400/Ancient+Technology+Centre+Cranborne+-+geograph.org.uk+-+292299.+Photo+by+Simon+Barnes%252C+2006.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626008439456503938" /></a></center> Reconstruction of Iron Age settlement in the UK. Ancient Technology Centre Cranborne - geograph.org.uk - 292299. Photo by Simon Barnes, 2006. Archaic Roman Empire in the UK.<br /><br /></div><br /><a href="http://solohq.solopassion.com/Articles/Cresswell/Img/Arch%20pic%209%20turf%20hut.jpg" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>A typical Iron Age turf hut in the UK</b></span></a><br />Added by Peter Cresswell in the linked site.<div>This hut is resembling the Gamme (turf hut) of the Sami people in the Nordic areas.</div><div><br /></div><div></div><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8YDlBJYa6TYKZZKyrA-BPJj9VJor6Udi2kTncBRIY6eKUGfkVsyNG8qRHfCVm6hqT-uEaN86kC-prPXu1hGZDKpiyDkJdrBItVdbF7FXf15UsxSToILHsXGppOPPLhgxTD0NJD3pZQvOI/s1600/3585163252_7f41442312_o.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 138px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8YDlBJYa6TYKZZKyrA-BPJj9VJor6Udi2kTncBRIY6eKUGfkVsyNG8qRHfCVm6hqT-uEaN86kC-prPXu1hGZDKpiyDkJdrBItVdbF7FXf15UsxSToILHsXGppOPPLhgxTD0NJD3pZQvOI/s200/3585163252_7f41442312_o.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626021120068953698" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-vnB0rEL4C4qJBd6Jlt5ipt9tYXQD319jQM-x-LGLbJ3E8fVFYmxRVazNbd5k0_4DerkgUvgkMtV1tjjI1Z_tMsaHHrKjjfFayNpR9WTNSSWHdSy-a-X8BJi3nI_QDb8MqNBzMCAIEsf0/s1600/787px-Sami_Laplanders_i_Dalarne_Sweden.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 152px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-vnB0rEL4C4qJBd6Jlt5ipt9tYXQD319jQM-x-LGLbJ3E8fVFYmxRVazNbd5k0_4DerkgUvgkMtV1tjjI1Z_tMsaHHrKjjfFayNpR9WTNSSWHdSy-a-X8BJi3nI_QDb8MqNBzMCAIEsf0/s200/787px-Sami_Laplanders_i_Dalarne_Sweden.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626020989225615474" /></a></center> The two photos over are from the Nordic areas in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The first are likely Goth Sami people from the areas between Norway and Sweden, and the black & white photo are two Sami people in front of a Gamme (turf hut) in Dalarna county in Sweden.<br /><br /><div><br />THE ISLAND OF ARRAN - SCOTLAND - AND THE PICTISH NATION</div><br />The two books of Arran (1. & 2.) have different contents.<br />1. <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091786255" target="_blank">The Book of Arran</a><br />2. <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091786248" target="_blank">The Book of Arran</a><br />3. <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/pictishnationits00scotuoft" target="_blank">The Pictish Nation, its people and its church</a><br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N4oCrSP4L7x_QHZ6pVnFfyWPKmOTl1YvcLLQbOxe5Wsm9XOQHkTKD40NjdYIURhQFnpvyaPQM6eFLraDtaCY0lUNdP5anBwoVezLUaGXIzaln8UhSDa-QMUx7ixzccDQOtdNcJTpNB6e/s1600/sculls+arran.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="width: 241px; height: 400px; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5575815310923284866" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N4oCrSP4L7x_QHZ6pVnFfyWPKmOTl1YvcLLQbOxe5Wsm9XOQHkTKD40NjdYIURhQFnpvyaPQM6eFLraDtaCY0lUNdP5anBwoVezLUaGXIzaln8UhSDa-QMUx7ixzccDQOtdNcJTpNB6e/s400/sculls+arran.jpg" /></a></center><br />Photo of Iron Age Skulls found at the Isle of Arran in Scotland.<div><br />Compare these to the <a href="http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/I=30372TMU" target="_blank">Skull, skeleton in an ancient grave</a> from Varanger in Finnmark, Norway. Does it resemble the skulls of the Giants (i.e. Celts) of early Arran (fig. 51 in the illustration over)? <a href="http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/I=42610KHM" target="_blank">Grave finding</a> from Varanger in Finnmark, Norway. <a href="http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/I=42615KHM" target="_blank">Grave finding</a> from the same area as mentioned over, and so is the following: <a href="http://www.unimus.no/foto/#/I=220741KHM" target="_blank">Ring buckle</a>.<br /><div><br /></div><div>At page 136 in "The book of Arran" the text tells that there was a merge of the ancient people (the indigenious Europeans and the Euroasians), and at page 135 it is told that one of these ancient people where of Asian descent. The Eurasians are according to the author still present at the European continent and they came to Arran via the Continent and over the North Sea.</div><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIYOoWMxLc3VQtfI4woySQxsmgD_BzY0nPjw7Faa65gcLl3TgMGtCcOzAaMnMSj8pnbYLASBOUhpa-LqGhyphenhyphenHRW2LEITC6Lk3xmZRsmyfU10cE3gYkxPx8SoMNr4VT0X3RGF7T37q3dh2sd/s1600/cu31924091786248_0202+col.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 298px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIYOoWMxLc3VQtfI4woySQxsmgD_BzY0nPjw7Faa65gcLl3TgMGtCcOzAaMnMSj8pnbYLASBOUhpa-LqGhyphenhyphenHRW2LEITC6Lk3xmZRsmyfU10cE3gYkxPx8SoMNr4VT0X3RGF7T37q3dh2sd/s400/cu31924091786248_0202+col.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626388168707690594" /></a></center> Page 135: Isle of Arran.<br /><br />According to the authors of "The Book of Arran" (p. 11) and "The Pictish Nation, its people and its church" (p. 448): The Vikings were the "Dubh Galls" (Danish strangers with some Hunnish in them) and the "Finn-Galls" (Norwegian white stangers, i.e. Norse). These books are referring to e.g. archaeological and old text sources. According to old and newer litterature and common knowledge in Norway: "Finn" was a nomen used for the Sami people (previously called the Lapps) in the the present areas of Norway. In Sweden "Lapp" and "Lap" is also the same as "Fenn" (ref. page 288 in "Lexicon Lapponicum" by Erico Lindahl and Johanne Öhring, 1780). The book is available at www.archive.org<br /><br />The "Finn Galls" = Norse = Vikings.<br /><br />Read more about the Vikings in an article by Andrew Pearson: "Piracy in Late Roman Britain: A perspective from the Viking Age". Brittannia XXXVII (2006), p. 337-356. The Vikings were more like traders than like Pirats.<br /><br />These books also mention a period in history called "Fingallian Age" in the UK. There are some place names still today in Scotland that reflects the Fingallian Age e.g. Fingall's Cave (p. 252 residence of the Finn or Feinne when hunting at Arran), Fingal's Cauldron Seat at Machrie Moor (p. 252) is a circle of stones. Such names are also found in other parts of the British Isles and Ireland, e.g. in Lamlash and in Ireland. "Aran Islands" and in Skerries (Na Sceiri in Irish) in North Dublin there is a place called "Fingal" (this name is related to Norse). <div></div><br />Because of the Norse influence, many current place names on Arran are of Viking origin. Downie (1933 pp.42–43 ) states that the attack led by the Earl of Lennox in 1406 "utterly destroyed" the structure: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Arran#cite_note-7" target="_blank">Isle of Arran</a>.<br /><br /></div><div>"Arran" is a name used by the Nordic Sami people, meaning “fire in the center”. Region names that starts with “Arran” are in Spain and France. Region names that start with “Aran” are in Italy, Switzerland, Spain and France. Source: worldnames.publicprofiler.org</div><div>"Aran" is also a place name in Ireland.<br />Place names that starts with “Arran” are in France (Arrancy, Arrans), in Iran (Arran), Portugal (Arranho), USA (Arran), and on the West Bank (Arranah). Place names that starts with “Aran” are in Zambia (Aran), Turkey (Aran), Syria (Aran), Spain (Arana, Aran), Russia (Arani, near the Caspian Sea), Philippines (Aran), Papua New Guniea (4 x Aran), Pakistan (Aranda, Arandu, Arang & Arani), New Zealand (Aranga, Aranda), Mali (Aranga), Iraq (Aran), Iran (3 x Aran, Aranaj, Arand, Arandi), India (Arang, Arani, Arann), Ghana and Gabon (Aranga), France (Aranc, Arance), Eritrea (Aranat), Chad (Arango, Aranha), Burma (Arang), Bangladesh (Arani), Azerbaijan (Arano, Aran, Aranli), Andorra (Arans), Algeria (Aranim) and in Afghanistan (Aranji). Names that start with “Aran” are additionally found in many places on the American continent. Source: <a href="http://www.maplandia.com/" target="_blank">Maplandia.com</a>.<br /><br /><center><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 198px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD7F4StTYZaBcJQT28Onqc_tfGlSOBx8NIUkOXtr_1-HpLETIeNkbj6HaHHwyWflmBXHUOmTOf81cHqf5vZf7Uj_VtI0FyBm58tKcpkRy1iUa-ZE2BraAEs4rvM787Nl6Ob6KfDE-_Za6D/s400/A+part+of+the+Gosforth+Cross+showing%252C+among+other+things%252C+Thor%2527s+fishing+trip+public.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628139884613883746" /><br /><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 227px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-GlquFCyhyphenhyphenpO22AHrqhUb0wMZE0jzT6XrE6gMWeQKh0RcQcvGrgnWSj_ZEKmMubjE-IKCtXgu2S6TxRXMQf1SBEkJjvzbl9XB_U5Hir1-yy25crFpuqoSjkHsi-y78DnKSZ79BrG5ZTn/s400/gosforth.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628142703414924674" /> </center> Gosfort cross with depictions of ancient European Gods, likely these are related to the ones in the Nordic from the Iron Age period. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosforth_Cross" target="_blank">Gosforth Cross</a> in the English County of Cumbria. Pay attention to the body ideal these ancient Gods are made after. <b>The body ideals used in the art of the archaic people in the Roman Empire was generally very different from the body ideals used later by the christian Eastern Romans</b>.<br /><br /><div>This is fragment and a description about the findings in King's Cave which indicate that people sacrificed to the ancient Gods in this cave.</div><div><br /></div><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 390px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzKlrOifnaJVsiywpaVUyYgcNT7m1lbWnAGLRZGLwt3RrG9QmHLjA8juG5-RXShTlEVTfq5iWJY8kKA-UqHT_VZ3nf4pHNlt_fwvnxn3vivNv6eAC8PMT4uhn1XqHmWWSe-gm0aBjuFgwI/s400/bronze+ornament+found+in+King%2527s+Cave+at+Arran.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627336609898353314" /> Fragment in bronze with ornament. Is this item and the item described the same as Torsviggar in the Nordic? <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN4ZWLMfcBCgmirOtz3b-XoVXDqJphOwhKi42rchhvYoU1tToOGvXsDA0plhI5jqmUphcgE5mgbiiwjvJshXD0BpnuRdvaS2snx_5pMnAQW0ECew22Z7DyeXowqEa3hPMcvEp9SxGHe9oD/s1600/41601.jpg" target="_blank">Torsviggar</a> (they was made in different materials)<br /><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/runes-and-serpent-worship-among-sami.html" target="_blank">Read more about Torsviggar in this blog</a>. Torsviggar was used in the worship of Thoragalles/ Tiermes.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieeaijAHYCzG0TWq4z_awe_R7cAf2J0w46Qhz3w6vCgU0cbBgESDjHYQPzdy063NPBzIoE-OYr31Nf3PII60QXC7jiwVDUHdhNi09Apspg-z1D2-3_JyArhsWUKD2edaqNy-2DjQZ8rn4J/s1600/page+215+the+book+of+Arran+about+the+king%2527s+cave.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 303px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieeaijAHYCzG0TWq4z_awe_R7cAf2J0w46Qhz3w6vCgU0cbBgESDjHYQPzdy063NPBzIoE-OYr31Nf3PII60QXC7jiwVDUHdhNi09Apspg-z1D2-3_JyArhsWUKD2edaqNy-2DjQZ8rn4J/s400/page+215+the+book+of+Arran+about+the+king%2527s+cave.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627337216896450370" /></a>Page 215 in The Book of Arran about the King's Cave.<br /><br /><div><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjMynLz-Hkh9NhGC3l3a4-SFujaLM5GntMTKGab9TICJeg_oBdz_U0qF5gOEtHsd_WilVDMC-Uurt6dy86LNqaAdjkDq1U3BCtxIiVChsJsMXJnTQzbV0nSAZaDnjvOwl4zqSoDueEy1BP/s1600/Partial_Reconstruction_of_Pictish_Hut%252C_Archeolink__-_geograph_org_uk_-_113079.+Photo+by+Colin+Smith%252C+1997.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 268px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjMynLz-Hkh9NhGC3l3a4-SFujaLM5GntMTKGab9TICJeg_oBdz_U0qF5gOEtHsd_WilVDMC-Uurt6dy86LNqaAdjkDq1U3BCtxIiVChsJsMXJnTQzbV0nSAZaDnjvOwl4zqSoDueEy1BP/s400/Partial_Reconstruction_of_Pictish_Hut%252C_Archeolink__-_geograph_org_uk_-_113079.+Photo+by+Colin+Smith%252C+1997.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626009324756475586" /></a></center> Partial Reconstruction of Pictish Hut, Archeolink - geograph.org.uk -113079. Photo by Colin Smith, 1997.<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>As mentioned in The Book of Arran, the Eurasian people were still living in Central Europe. The Gallo Romans were likely a merge between the Asian Indo-Greeks and the indigenous people of Western Europe. </div><div><br /><center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/miabacke/3729574384/in/faves-28772513@N07/" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 399px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgulUWVUzHr1Z1oxq9dU0YopU5VyWkGFwogumtyirpVgNhpq1UuflDDc41BWqpMdBP4MvG6CXS3fB_Y8jeyl-rXDq-0E83eKK_8qMkxWSu2YwCy6Sp5u4MILNWDn1AhevLIVSgG3wgPXmDA/s400/Gallo+Romeins+Museum+III%252C+Belgium.+Flickr+Photo+by+Miabacke%252C+2009.+Photo+used+with+permission.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626002534379184834" /></a></center> A tent of the ancient Gallo Romans. Flickr Photo by miabacke, 2009: Gallo Romeins Museum, in Tongeren, Belgium.<br /><br /><center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/miabacke/tags/galloromeinsmuseum/" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 322px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqxGJrWe6Dns3G6mhWdiO2JA6iuZkKeMODKfYqTPn4w6_IzF3mnLZkA30prrc9YzTCmcKSIVooYcka3ijXFFewBpYfLYbWpyxnWA2xYyzlpmHhjvLCxplrOSL-bjv0M2hu-npSoawEmTGs/s400/Gallo+Romeins+Museum+XI.+Flickr+photo+by+miabacke%252C+2009.+Photo+used+with+permission.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626004566355689922" /></a></center> A Sun symbol of the Gallo Romans. Flickr Photo by miabacke, 2009: Gallo Romeins Museum in Tongeren, Belgium. </div><div><br /></div><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 286px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTsqRculqmUL3oMyp8T9V-S3PPMxgswFq0Zf2x_UWp1AmqxZ_1470WldXMOj-VUnLT5EB3F8JconkhFJoRT9mkHpBKjMciIpcYdPrZVsPCiLYzaaFE0lFXZ4Q4pkcyUFRgX9Vc1AJvzctI/s320/1111+Ornament+from++Birkenes+Norway+ca+300+CE+%25281%2529.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627128475140472210" />A sun-circle symbol from Birkenes in Norway about 300 CE (i.e. Nordic Iron Age). Likely related to the archaic Romans in the Nordic.<div><br /></div><center><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 180px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHp0u6GNULLJrgXuFraGMlVBU_sUtFpYjkHkdh299nITK4OUqAG0rrcGs8zutoCx1gwC46UuJY3lXWSViKjUpLrg_t8x2GLcuZPTSbwzbzPb4np32J_eKSpcXL2mCJuy0iLwg-4keCB3o/s200/Roman_pottery_Central_Gaulish_samian_jar.+Late+2nd+century.+Exh.+British+museum.Photo+by+AgTigress%252C+2010..JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627448158949076130" /> <img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqJSI2hudSwx5PvinOi352_oVZPQImpVUM1A8cT9s-Mkog0I_LX3__Rw5xMFuGWf89N8OZkBFCjdQ3uDeNZaJFo0UHMZPIfQe2Iuk95vRYm7Z-qSOIEAgp6StWrv6vNV_C8nF3WDUNDrqw/s200/ncient+Roman+mosaic+floor+2nd+century+AD+in+the+Domus+di+via+San+Rocchino%252C+Brescia%252C+Italy.+public.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5627449936642413954" /> </center> 1. Archaic Roman Empire. Roman pottery Central Gaulish Samian jar. Late 2nd century. Exhibited at the British museum. Photo by AgTigress, 2010.<br />2. Mosaic floor from the archaic Roman Empire, 2nd century CE in the Domus di via San Rocchino, Brescia, Italy.<div><br />This sun symbol are resembling the ones found in archaic Greece and elsewhere in Europe, here in the ancient city of Lappa at Crete.<br /><div></div><center><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 321px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDCNMxd6L4o9nIqURLM8mkLSOuAE57Ph9eVkNXASG5AhgHabfZf3cf1laaTHToPvVfvW_EObhVN9QyR3_EdhVdK8IpdumpaZOz6H83B8k6ilYfpvAEVAavYaNVq2yv-o8C0LR_vmHEVJy3/s400/Mosaique_argiroupoli.+Ancient+Lappa.+Mosaique+romaine+%25C3%25A0+Argiroupoli+en+Cr%25C3%25AAte.+Photo+by+Amaury+Gravi%252C+2007.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626012882238567874" /></center>Sun symbol mosaic in the ancient city of Lappa Λάππα, Crete in Greece. Mosaique romaine à Argiroupoli en Crête. Photo by Amaury Gravi, 2007. Archaic Greek.</div><div><br /></div><div>Photos from ancient Lappa: <a href="http://ancient-time.blogspot.com/2010/12/ancient-city-of-lappa-at-crete-greece.html" target="_blank"><b>The ancient city of Lappa or gr. Λάππα</b></a> (Rethymno Argiroupoli). Another place with the name "Lappa" (Λάππα) is in Larissos, Achaea in Greece and additionally there is the place called "Lapas" in Akhaia, Greece.<br /><br />The remains of ancient Lappa from 500-400 BCE at Crete resemble many of those in the Nordic areas. As in the Nordic the archaic Greeks made classical labyrinths and used drums religiously and used similar religious symbols as in Iron Age Nordic: Sun crosses, X -crosses, swirling wheels, interlaced patterns, geometrical patterns, classical labyrinths (many are found in Finnmark, Norway) and much more.<br /><br />According to ancient texts Lapetsius, Lapersios, and Laphystius were surenames of the <b>Greek God Zeus </b>(references found in: theoi.com/Cult/ZeusTitles.html). </div><div><br /></div><div>The ancient (archaic) people named "Lapiths" (Greek: Λαπίθαι) were a people from the northern mountains of Thessaly in Greece. It is told that the Lapiths were mythological; however there are place names globally that suggests that there were real people related to the name "Lapith" or "Lapit", for instance in Costa Rica (Lapita), Cyprus (Lapita), Germany (Lapitz), Greece (Lapithos), Nigeria (Lapite and Lapiti), and Russia (Lapitsa). Doing searches for resembling place names: e.g.: Belarus (Lapine), Estonia (Lapi), Finland (Lapia), Indonesia (Lapi), Italy (Lapio), Lithuania (Lapiai), Madagaskar (Lapiro), Mozambique (Lapi, Lapia, Lapio), Nigeria (Lapido, Lapite, Lapiti), Poland (Lapino), Russia (Lapin, Lapino, Lapina), Spain (Lapice, Lapio), Ukraine (Lapino), and USA (Lapile, Lapine). Source: <a href="http://www.maplandia.com/" target="_blank">Maplandia.com</a>. </div><div><br /></div>Searching for surnames with “Lapit”, "Lappit" and "<a href="http://www.blogger.com/%3Ca%20href=" com="" facts="" target="_blank">Lappitt</a>" is most frequent in United Kingdom / UK and Ireland. “Lappit” is most frequent in the USA and low frequent globally. “Lapin” is most frequent in USA, Poland, France, Norway, Germany, and lower frequent in Austria, Netherlands and in the United Kingdom / UK. “Lapi” is most frequent in Italy, then in Serbia, USA, Argentina, Spain, France, Switzerland, Sweden, then Germany, United Kingdom / UK, and low frequent around the globe. Source: <a href="http://worldnames.publicprofiler.org/Default.aspx" target="_blank">Worldnames</a>.<br /><div><br /></div><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy-FkJTY8s99d9IRsz0Trv8nYnq76Gh4XWEMlXRUHQLfuwIW7N5nfp3LstGPHtk1Nn8A-tzmvzf3F9rW46JIfVdL0Vhzr8j5I9gqu7mr_KSpuMMVetQop8Y1aBOQuAxroreUm8Gb1Cc0uH/s400/A+doric+site+at+Agios+Nicolaus%252C+Crete+5+cent.+BCE.+Flickr+Photo+by+Lessi2306%252C+2007.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626394242750972466" /> X-cross at carved stone resembling a Yoni at an archaic Doric site at Agios Nicolaos, Crete, 5th Century BCE. Flickr Photo by Lessi2306, 2007. Arhaic Greek.</div><br /><a href="http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/arkinord/details.php?image_id=1465&template=big&l=norwegian" target="_blank">A labyrinth at Holmen Grå on the coastal line of Bøkfjorden</a>, Kirkenes in Norway. Resembling labyrinths are found in Sweden, Finland, Kola Peninsula and in the Baltic countries. They resemble the ancient labyrinth of Knossos in Greece. Read more in "Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience" (2010) by Noel D. Broadbent with contributions by Jan Stora.<br /><div><br /></div><center><div> </div><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/nevilzaveri/3583670681/" title="shiva lingum, maheshwar by nevil zaveri, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2436/3583670681_f42c242e8b.jpg" width="324" height="484" alt="shiva lingum, maheshwar" /></a></center> Flickr Photo by nevil zaveri, 2009. A Shiva Lingum in Maheswhar, Madhya Pradesh, India.<br /><small>This is likely a fertility symbol with a lingum on a Yoni and a labyrinth. Similar labyrinths are found all over Europe. Used by the archaic people. First of all similar symbols were used by the archaic Greeks, then by the people of the archaic Roman Empire, such labyrinths are found in Spain, France, UK, Germany, and in the Nordic. There are many such classical labyrinths found in Finnmark, Norway and in the Sami areas of present North-Western Russia. The Yoni was used by the ancient Greeks, such as the one found at Crete with a sun-cross instead of a lingum. Lingum are in the ancient Nordic likely the same as the many iron-age phalluses that primarily were made in stone.</small><br /><br /><div><br /><div><div><b>The archaic culture of Greece and Rome were closely related.</b> The people that had settled and more or less had merged with the indigenous people in these cultures had very likely Asian roots.<br /><div><br />Tenny Frank - Race Mixture in the Roman Empire - The American Historical Review, 1895. <a href="http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/t.pagtzis/Dimitra/RaceMixture.pdf" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:85%;">Race mixture in The Roman Empire</span></a> by Tenney Frank (1916). Additionally this article is available at www.archive.org </div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Tenney Franks (1916) writes for instance the following:</div><div><br />"To discover some new light upon these fundamental<br /><br />questions of Roman history .... It has at<br /><br />least convinced me that Juvenal and Tacitus were not exaggerating.<br /><br />It is probable that when these men wrote a very small percentage of<br /><br />the free plebeians on the streets of Rome could prove unmixed<br /><br />Italian descent. By far the larger part - perhaps ninety per cent -<br /><br />had Oriental blood in their veins".<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian_Council" target="_blank">Ancient Rome: Plebeian Council </a><p></p><br /><center> <a style="font: 14px/normal Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif; margin: 12px auto 6px; text-decoration: underline; display: block; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;" title="View Tenny Frank - Race Mixture in the Roman Empire - The American Historical Review, 1895 on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/47420438/Tenny-Frank-Race-Mixture-in-the-Roman-Empire-The-American-Historical-Review-1895">Tenny Frank - Race Mixture in the Roman Empire - The American Historical Review, 1895</a> <iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/47420438/content?view_mode=list&start_page=1&access_key=key-2i7hv0gcnqiu530hmtt3&" height="false" ratio="" scrolling="no" width="100%" frameborder="0" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "></iframe></center></div></div><script src="http://www.scribd.com/javascripts/view2.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioZ_kPmpuiV3PXfQ0Vo2DwNRJZagKwrLJI3r_5br4o4HdKiftgbyeKS1-dzgnuyuqOoKDvNZN5y_v4gPnfiYhrTD9rartUzbURFOkPnVIGd1EfBDDW4Y7RjOPULQXaV_pohE_Xa7QllA1c/s1600/cultsofthegreek05farnuoft_0074.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 302px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioZ_kPmpuiV3PXfQ0Vo2DwNRJZagKwrLJI3r_5br4o4HdKiftgbyeKS1-dzgnuyuqOoKDvNZN5y_v4gPnfiYhrTD9rartUzbURFOkPnVIGd1EfBDDW4Y7RjOPULQXaV_pohE_Xa7QllA1c/s400/cultsofthegreek05farnuoft_0074.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626384174277326434" /></a></center> Archaic Greek bronze figure of Hermes from 6th Century BCE, in 1896 it was exhibited in Athens.</div><div><br /></div><br /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/sapmelash/5704199595/in/faves-28772513@N07/" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:85%;">Traditional Sami clothing</span></a>. Pay attention to resemblance between the Sami clothing seen in the linked photo and compare it to that of the archaic Greek God Hermes as he was depicted in the given statue from the 6th Century BCE. Particularly, pay attention to the wings on the legs of the God and compare them to the resembling ones on the legs of the young Sami man.<br /><div><br /><div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Hermes - D'Ermes - d'hermès - Tiermes/Diermes</b></span><br /><br />“<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes" target="_blank">Hermes</a>” is in Italian “L'erma” i.e. “Erma”(“ἕρμα” in Greek) or “Ermes” and in French d'hermès. The letter “H” is silent: <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erma" target="_blank">Erma</a> and <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermes" target="_blank">Ermes</a><br /><br /><br />The Oxford scholar Lewis Richard Farnell was specialist in classical subjects and he published in 1896 a book with the title: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cultsofthegreek05farnuoft" target="_blank">The Cults of the Greek States</a>. There are two chapters about Hermes.<br /><br />The Greek God Hermes (the son of Zeus and Maia) had an epithet in ancient Greece “Ἀγήτωρ” which is transliterated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agetor" target="_blank">Agetor</a>. Another epithet is Hermes Kriophoros and is related to the sacrifice of ram. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriophoros" target="_blank">Kriophoros</a> means according to a Wikipedia article “ram bearer”.<br /><br />The Sami thunder-god might have a connection to the ancient Greek God Hermes, Herma or Ermes, at least when he thunders. The thundering or roaming Thoragalles or Thor is named "Ti-ermes" (pronounced as di-ermes). There are symbolical similarities between Thora galles and Hermes, as you can see by comparing the text by Scheffer and illustrations of Hermes.<br />Both Tiermes and Hermes are symbolized in a way that resembles a Shiva linga i.e. a phallus shape with a head. According to old texts about the practice of the ancient Sami religion Thor was crossed on the chest with blood from the sacrificed animal. The ancient Sami used X-crosses when sacrificing (ref. Knud Leem, ca. 1724).</div><div><br /></div><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVjwWnL5m1J6IsYy-tKHqBzxLSPMwIEJtyXUuoANPCimxRJGoISRQJ40DxZTD0i9tRoF-TpE4Q9bGZAM7A4dfMl4RvzxYw-odFG9BjlKDU7mO7jIgOKPjhIqCEwIN4exWb8SKt82vvdWVh/s1600/11_knud_leem_finnmark_lapper_1767.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="WIDTH: 242px; HEIGHT: 320px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550230902855837474" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVjwWnL5m1J6IsYy-tKHqBzxLSPMwIEJtyXUuoANPCimxRJGoISRQJ40DxZTD0i9tRoF-TpE4Q9bGZAM7A4dfMl4RvzxYw-odFG9BjlKDU7mO7jIgOKPjhIqCEwIN4exWb8SKt82vvdWVh/s320/11_knud_leem_finnmark_lapper_1767.jpg" /></a><br /></center><span style="font-size:85%;">Documented by the christian priest Knud Leem in the early 1700's (published in 1767) was a offering place of the Sami in Norway, a place with X-crosses. Pay attention to the X's on the bow and raised on the stones. Similar X-crosses have been used in ancient Greece a few hundred years BCE.</span><br /><br /><div><br />Johannes Scheffer (1674), page 144 Chapter X: Sami men run a sharp knife through the heart of a reindeer buck and gather the blood from the heart. The image of Thor is placed on an altar and is offered to by drawing crosses with the blood on the chest of the deity.<br /><br /><div>See illustrations that documents the sacrifice to Tiermes or Thor: <a href="http://saamiphoto.blogspot.com/2010/12/photobucket.html" target="_blank">Tiermes, Thor or Thora galles</a>. </div><div></div>I do not yet know how the ancient Nordic God Thor or Thora Galles is related to Hermes and Mercury. </div><div><br /></div><div>When searching for place names that start with “Thor” and “Tor” it does seem that this name is globally spread: Region names that start with “Tor” are found in Spain, Slovenia and Italy. Region names that start with “Thor” are found in France. Source: <a href="http://worldnames.publicprofiler.org/Default.aspx" target="_blank">Worldnames</a>.<br />Places with the exact name “Tor”, “Torr”, “Tora”, “Tore” are in e.g.: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cote d’Ivorie, Croatia, Democratic Rep. Of Congo, Ethiopia, Fiji, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mozambique, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Togo, United Kingdom/ UK. Places with the exact name “Thor”, “Thorr”, “Thors” and “Thora” are in e.g.: Australia, Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Haiti, Pakistan, and USA. Source: <a href="http://www.maplandia.com/" target="_blank">Maplandia.com</a>. The most frequent location for names that starts with “Tor” and “Thor” is in present national state of Pakistan (mainly in Jammu & Kashmir, Sind and Punjab). Pakistan was before 1947 part of India. </div><div><br /><div><br /><b>Greek Hermes</b> is also depicted with crosses or crossed arms, as can be seen in some of the figure in the following illustration. The Greek sacrificed animals to Hermes.<br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ekTfHAqjomusHd-LSug4I2egq_YUSjLsixKj6KoOF4K68Z7HcimlVXXIAJBL4UnDdMQG8UQeK9fQ1NFvDfHcsv2H8NkSvPZ8UtIX_sa-5mrSGxzBAEbzEK3NpNOUaqANaZtVu8Iamive/s1600/Orna139-Hermen.+A+Handbook+of+Ornamanets%252C+1898.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 307px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ekTfHAqjomusHd-LSug4I2egq_YUSjLsixKj6KoOF4K68Z7HcimlVXXIAJBL4UnDdMQG8UQeK9fQ1NFvDfHcsv2H8NkSvPZ8UtIX_sa-5mrSGxzBAEbzEK3NpNOUaqANaZtVu8Iamive/s400/Orna139-Hermen.+A+Handbook+of+Ornamanets%252C+1898.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626357937507275874" /></a></center></div><br /><br />The illustration shows examples of archaic Greek Hermes statues. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>The archaic Roman God Mercury is related to Hermes.<br /></b><br /><center><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 374px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY60W9YGC6f1RjVF4yvHM_SG0tOTNamBT9HvZoWCRikxhp1gSupkBTLjznbyBwV3nEBBnbzdRI0melu-dntR71PYm02ch2B0DByqBDjXhL_2yyagQHBaWfRECY4NV8hY8uMF9-VJC2jZTO/s400/Mercury_relief+Consecration+relief+with+the+god+Mercury.+A+man+is+offering+a+goat+at+an+altar.+the+Roman+Museum+at+Augusta+Raurica+Switzerland-.+Photo+by+Ad+Meskens%252C+2010.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626376983957024802" /></center> Relief with the ancient Roman god Mercury. A man is offering a goat at an altar. At the Roman Museum, Augusta Raurica in Switzerland. Photo by Ad Meskens, 2010.</div><br /><a href="http://www.britainexpress.com/photo.htm?photo=3089" target="_blank"><b>Carving of Mercury in Kirby Underdale</b></a>. Pay attention how different the body ideal of the archaic Romans was from the ideals of the later Christian Romans. This one of ancient Mercury in Yorkshire is short in stature and the shoes have a particular shape. Similar shoes are used by the Nordic Sami people and can be seen on an ancient Indo-Greek Buddhist Kanishka casket <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/4079632257/" target="_blank">Kanishka casket</a> (dated to 127 CE) is found in Peshwar, present Pakistan/ ancient India. <div><br />Region names that start with “<b>Terme</b>” are in Italy, France and Spain. Region names that start with “<b>Herme</b>” are in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. Place names that start with “Therm” are in Cyprus, Greece and USA. Place names that start with “<b>Term</b>” are in Belgium, Chad, France, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Peru, Switzerland and Turkey. Places that start with “<b>Herme</b>”, “<b>Herma</b>” and “<b>Hermuk</b>” are in Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, and Iran.<br />Places that start with “<b>Dierm</b>” (as in Diermes) are in Burkina Faso and Netherlands. There is one place in Spain named "Tiermas" (Zaragoze, Aragon) Source: <a href="http://www.maplandia.com/" target="_blank">Maplandia.com</a>. As you can read at the end of this blog post there is additionally the ancient city of Tiermes in Soria, Spain.<br />Doing searches for surnames with the same words: “<b>Termes</b>” is most frequent in Spain, Netherlands, France, Germany, Argentina and USA. “<b>Hermes</b>” is a surname most frequent in Germany, USA, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, France, United Kingdom/ UK, Poland, Canada, Norway, and Italy. “<b>Herme</b>” is most frequent in France, Belgium, Argentina, USA, Spain and Germany. “<b>Herma</b>” is most frequent in Poland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Canada, Argentina, Spain, France, United Kingdom / UK, Italy, USA and Norway. The surname “<b>Erma</b>” is high frequent in Italy, Belgium, India, Germany and USA. The surname “<b>Derma</b>” is most frequent in Slovenia, Argentina, Poland, Germany, USA, Spain and Netherlands. Source: <a href="http://worldnames.publicprofiler.org/Default.aspx" target="_blank">Worldnames</a>.<br /><br />There are several places in Europe with the name Tiermes and Termes.<br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5woVfHdO8WGjM_wNm2-NHTGwi7I42kHP27vUCdMNBbDnlkadFq7YddHJ2FOfoUEZhvriWIHNa_NqCfy1coSfajfPaCJ9g9O9JSTA616nUwTM4R_0zGnf5v4LMOkA6hCLeV5Z-LaKGM44/s1600/VistaDeTermancia+Ruins+of+the+Roman+city+of+Termancia+%2528Tiermes%2529%252C+Soria%252C+Spain.+photo+by+Rowanwindwhistler%252C+2002.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 227px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5woVfHdO8WGjM_wNm2-NHTGwi7I42kHP27vUCdMNBbDnlkadFq7YddHJ2FOfoUEZhvriWIHNa_NqCfy1coSfajfPaCJ9g9O9JSTA616nUwTM4R_0zGnf5v4LMOkA6hCLeV5Z-LaKGM44/s400/VistaDeTermancia+Ruins+of+the+Roman+city+of+Termancia+%2528Tiermes%2529%252C+Soria%252C+Spain.+photo+by+Rowanwindwhistler%252C+2002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626381075767417362" /></a></center> Ruins of the ancient Roman city of Termancia or Tiermes, Soria, Spain. Photo by Rowanwindwhistler, 2002. Archaic Roman Empire.<br /><br /></div><div>At the top there is a construction that likely is part of a Mercury temple. A resemling can be seen in the following photo from France:<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WasenbourgRock.JPG" target="_blank"> Rock of the Mercury temple, Wasenbourg castle, France</a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABbCUllUysP5HSzVDNxKjc3EStQD47HkcFT_JBnk2B28ZoU5z8pjnZKBcqragsnPeR707tqHb-a6x678BRN-O15-iuJFse356toeVoK_YNpuXX14JDYFVZf3zgFk8kSc07Zhi_ADmIxw/s1600/689px-BI_por_provincias.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" img="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhABbCUllUysP5HSzVDNxKjc3EStQD47HkcFT_JBnk2B28ZoU5z8pjnZKBcqragsnPeR707tqHb-a6x678BRN-O15-iuJFse356toeVoK_YNpuXX14JDYFVZf3zgFk8kSc07Zhi_ADmIxw/s320/689px-BI_por_provincias.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />Map: Spain<br /><p></p>Tiermes is an archeological site in present day Spain. Montejo de Tiermes was an ancient city in Soria, Spain. The city was important in wars during 153- 133 BCE. The western Romans conquered Tiermes in 98 BCE. There were walls built around the city in the 3rd century under the crisis of Christian invasions and the importance of Tiermes crumbled when the late Roman Empire (after 400‘s CE) was Christianized and was likely settled by e.g. the Christian Vandals of the Eastern Roman Empire. Video: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRwy-hNjhxQ" target="_blank""><b>Tiermes site</b></a>. <a href="http://www.tiermes.net/" target="_blank"">Tiermes.net</a> (more photos and video).Sources: <a href="https://www43.safesecureweb.com/archaeospain/tiermes/tiermes1.htm" target="_blank"">Celtiberian and Roman city of Tiermes</a> and <a href="http://www.tiermes.net/intro_english.asp" target="_blank"">Tiermes</a><p></p><br />Tiermes in Soria, Spain<br /><br /><center><iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/OESjiIO7T38?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></center></div></div>Saamibloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110847942227774415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-47961162678803209052010-10-14T00:42:00.091+02:002011-02-28T16:10:11.053+01:00Great Mother Goddess – Frame Drums – Gallis – Shaman - Shiva - Saiva - Feasts – Trinity religious division<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3J_foTmGYPzT0PIB7ZvuNxJ7J1jLJpfE4B1bonxzQ4vfTXxqgPHLrusYOXUeYGc4qIrP9dAdiGFpmOJ6uSlwh2E-U3dMTFh34Koo5A45P2SaYOh_2YGAepzB7UUafWUwhm0I3HxJFtw/s1600/roman.jpg" target="'_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3J_foTmGYPzT0PIB7ZvuNxJ7J1jLJpfE4B1bonxzQ4vfTXxqgPHLrusYOXUeYGc4qIrP9dAdiGFpmOJ6uSlwh2E-U3dMTFh34Koo5A45P2SaYOh_2YGAepzB7UUafWUwhm0I3HxJFtw/s400/roman.jpg" width="400" height="197" /></a></div>Bronze Cybele, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: <a href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt0779p596/?order=2&brand=oac" target="'_blank">Bronze Cybele, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York.</a><br />This is a Roman Empire Antiquity depiction of the Great Mother Goddess with Crown, she holds a patera and a tympanum or Tympana (frame drum). This bronze is exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.<br /><br />Are there Indo- Greek- Western Roman Empire and Nordic Sami connections? The cultural connection might be via the ancient Nordic Goth (Göter) that migrated to these northern areas during "the Nordic Roman Iron Age". The ancient Goths and the indigenous people merged with time and are today the Sami people.<br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijppSj2c_Dtk_NG0Wjr8veSMKZTWRNmgdXW0KcDXZKgfknL7jKFkLI4UQ3oFlmL2RNeSmCJncnKl3EuzN-TPJLcu5j-zfeshBJTvvDjvhtoa3RjFuPR4p6fYyRGwKt3QmBS92qoidFVHI/s1600/carriage+Oseberg+mound+grave+Iron+Age+c.+820+CE+Norway.jpg" target="'_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijppSj2c_Dtk_NG0Wjr8veSMKZTWRNmgdXW0KcDXZKgfknL7jKFkLI4UQ3oFlmL2RNeSmCJncnKl3EuzN-TPJLcu5j-zfeshBJTvvDjvhtoa3RjFuPR4p6fYyRGwKt3QmBS92qoidFVHI/s200/carriage+Oseberg+mound+grave+Iron+Age+c.+820+CE+Norway.jpg" width="200" height="122" /></a></div>Compare the decor on the Roman Empire religious carriage of Cybele in the first photo with the decor on the religious carriage found in Norway, Oseberg mound grave (tumulus) in the small photo over.<br /><br />The Great Mother Goddess Cybele or Kybele was a goddess of the ancient Indo-Greeks, of the Greeks and in the Roman Empire a few hundred years before and after the Common Era. Cybele is sometimes depicted with a a cornucopia (horn of plenty) and most often she holds a frame drum that resembles the Sami frame drum. She is called "Magna Mater", like the mother goddess of the Nordic Sami was called Materakka - Mater Akka or in Sami language Maadteraahkas /Máhtáráhkká . "Materakka" means "Great Mother". Cybele had ecstatic followers called "Galli" (an older roman or Latin language). In Sami language "Galles" or “Gallis” means "guy" or "old guy" (in Norwegian: kar). The Sami male thundergod was for instance called “Thora Galles”, "Thora Gallis", “Toragallis” or “Horagallis”or simply "Thor" / "Tor". The word “Horangallis” was reported by Jessen (1767). Horangallis is one of the three Worldly Gods in Sami mythology and is male, the other's are the worldly male fertility God and a female fertility goddess. You can read more and find old references about the old Sami mythologi within Saamiblog. According the Lexicon Lapponicum (1780) "Gálle" means "gold" in Sami language and "Gálletum" means Candelabra. The Sami were Sun Worshippers and have hundreds of words for "light".<br /><center><a title="Altar Roman Galli men carry a throne of Cybele, with two statues of Gallus on pedestal by Asoka: Buddhism from Asia to Scandinavia, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/5021925333/"><img alt="Altar Roman Galli men carry a throne of Cybele, with two statues of Gallus on pedestal" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4154/5021925333_0f1e762b86.jpg" width="500" height="488" /></a></center>Roman Galli were religious beings, here they are carrying an altar with the Great Mother Goddess, Magna Mater Cybele.<br /><br />Compare the hats of the Roman Empire Galli with the Nordic Sami and Icelandic hats.<br /><table style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto" class="tr-caption-container" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tbody><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg134BnZAkWkT7HwHyj-otw-cg0DG2X0OdLXO2SR9WhY9DamZiBBJYN6qBpT5Bu4Ji6WouLw_1B-gqnYlPKEYWzRZry1wwz0jC0cFFh7RwG9EkIIz_OPbtIwJseCJmILGsdrDoF47JtNfQ/s320/1.Old+time+Nordic+Sami+horn+hat.+2.+Horn+hat+on+Iceland.+3.+and+4.+Sami+male+hat+1500-1600%2527s.++4.+Sami+horn+hat-+photo+by+Olve+Utne%252C+2008.jpg" width="320" height="127" /></td></tr><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;">1. Old time Nordic Sami horn hat. 2. Horn hat from Iceland. 3. Sami male hat from 1500-1600's. 4 Northern Sami horn hat. Photo by Olve Utne, 2008<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOb6EzqAQS9_DvFPdRLjeN_jPHjFZuX_8TTnILsU_dHFOdq69dtXPmuTYnpPW_1jlrxAu81UMcS5_O2DumneZ2MQzoR-MQDr7dyfVClByTPY-E9_uIlCie8IwNgkhyphenhyphenCND1MCvyFJtIzO/s1600/Detail+of+a+Roman+Mosaic%252C+found+at+Low+Ham+in+Somerset.+Photo+by+Udimu%252C+2007.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 272px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOb6EzqAQS9_DvFPdRLjeN_jPHjFZuX_8TTnILsU_dHFOdq69dtXPmuTYnpPW_1jlrxAu81UMcS5_O2DumneZ2MQzoR-MQDr7dyfVClByTPY-E9_uIlCie8IwNgkhyphenhyphenCND1MCvyFJtIzO/s320/Detail+of+a+Roman+Mosaic%252C+found+at+Low+Ham+in+Somerset.+Photo+by+Udimu%252C+2007.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5550961527598016930" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span"> Detail of a Roman Mosaic, found at Low Ham in Somerset in UK. Ca. 340 CE. Photo by Udimu, 2007</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><br /><a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/special/afghanistan_treasures/view_1.asp?item=1" target="'_blank">Great mother Goddess of the Indo-Greek people found in Afghanistan</a><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span">Roman Empire worldly Gods in the photos:</span><br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXXAyiLnITfrT8wiuwbOhpZFnY2hEjKSCw6NGzPlsceCT9Yc96wbqPjOxovlwJtcHKg06_KrvTK6303D4C8DbgNtUhw7YtjoHt4THQ1jUge7u80YFmVA03z8EVGHzlMh2fGq8a89lok8/s1600/Dionysiac_procession-British_Museum.+about+100+CE.+Rome,+Roman+Empire.+Photo+by+Yair+Haklai,+2009+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXXAyiLnITfrT8wiuwbOhpZFnY2hEjKSCw6NGzPlsceCT9Yc96wbqPjOxovlwJtcHKg06_KrvTK6303D4C8DbgNtUhw7YtjoHt4THQ1jUge7u80YFmVA03z8EVGHzlMh2fGq8a89lok8/s320/Dionysiac_procession-British_Museum.+about+100+CE.+Rome,+Roman+Empire.+Photo+by+Yair+Haklai,+2009+-+Kopi.jpg" width="320" height="202" /></a></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Dionysiac procession. British Museum. about 100 CE. Rome, Roman Empire. Photo by Yair Haklai, 2009. The female with a frame drum and the two other are males.<br /></span><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLywbu-fo2tVNoDQH2aMOeDnWaQcarrEW3iC6ZfIuFo5dqo8lgpTRkBmSEo6wUF_atGuQkcKFTQD3qUXLNrHAb0TkoIJ1Nhu9fj12e-DViBlht7EqkFDZMy3PfZCeS8S2cVlnV4HXCWPg/s1600/Naidas,+one+with+frame+drum+ar+a+Roman+empire+sarcofaag+,+Marmeren+Romeinse+sarcofaag.+APM+10.854.+Ca+260-280+CE.+photo+by+23+dingen+voor+musea,+2009.jpg" target="_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLywbu-fo2tVNoDQH2aMOeDnWaQcarrEW3iC6ZfIuFo5dqo8lgpTRkBmSEo6wUF_atGuQkcKFTQD3qUXLNrHAb0TkoIJ1Nhu9fj12e-DViBlht7EqkFDZMy3PfZCeS8S2cVlnV4HXCWPg/s320/Naidas,+one+with+frame+drum+ar+a+Roman+empire+sarcofaag+,+Marmeren+Romeinse+sarcofaag.+APM+10.854.+Ca+260-280+CE.+photo+by+23+dingen+voor+musea,+2009.jpg" width="320" height="240" /></a></div><span style="font-size:85%;">The female with a frame drum and the other two are males. Detail from a Roman Empire sarcofaag, Marmeren Romeinse sarcofaag. APM 10.854. Ca 260-280 CE. Photo by 23 dingen voor musea, 2009.<br /><br /></span>The “Galli” of the Roman Empire were male religious figures that followed goddess Cybele lead ceremonies with wild music, dance and drumming. It is told in the following dictionary (page 417) that the Galli of the pre-Christian Roman Empire were Priests, ref. Smith, William, Sir, ed. 1813-1893, <a href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ACL3129.0001.001" target="'_blank">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>. Read more about the Galli at page 138 and in another book: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/greatmothergods00showgoog" target="'_blank">The Great Mother of gods (1901)</a> by Grant Showermanm.<br /><div style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YEx8LIfokKNVbyjx29bF0JU45xrJ3GSgMNEu_Hgx_LZfUku7H1J7MhLOvczvpNip3gCQGMmlCy_CzT_wfUaMkLBSNpmg771PFpYWy2mXhfPnRxIUZTszsYUv4ac1POzgN_MStjOJras/s1600/Roman+empire+mosaic+Tunisia+at+El_Jem_Museum_dionysos_procession_mosaics.+Photo+by+Damian+Entwisthle,+2010.jpg" target="_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YEx8LIfokKNVbyjx29bF0JU45xrJ3GSgMNEu_Hgx_LZfUku7H1J7MhLOvczvpNip3gCQGMmlCy_CzT_wfUaMkLBSNpmg771PFpYWy2mXhfPnRxIUZTszsYUv4ac1POzgN_MStjOJras/s400/Roman+empire+mosaic+Tunisia+at+El_Jem_Museum_dionysos_procession_mosaics.+Photo+by+Damian+Entwisthle,+2010.jpg" width="400" height="121" /></a></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Early Roman Empire mosaic in Tunisia at El Jem Museum. Dionysos procession mosaics. Photo by Damian Entwisthle, 2010<br /><br /></span></div><div style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:180%;">I searched for the word “Galli” in a Sanskrit dictionary and found this text:</span></div><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/1872sanskriten00moniuoft" target="'_blank">A Sanskrit-English dictionary</a> , etymologically and philologically arranged, with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European languages” by Monier-Williams, Monier, Sir, 1819-1899<br />“We now come to the six European lines : I. The Keltic or Celtic (of the KcXrot, Herod. II. 33) is the oldest of the Aryan family in Europe, and as it has had the longest life, so it presents the greatest divergence from Sanskrit : it has been driven into a corner of the continent, viz. Brittany, by Romanic French, and into the extremities of Cornwall, Wales, Ireland, and the Highlands of Scotland by Germanic English : it has two lines, (a) the principal Keltic or Gaelic (of the Galli), comprising the Irish, Highland-Scotch, and Manx, of which the Irish is most interesting in relation to Sanskrit.” (End of Quote from page 9 Preface).<br /><br />Sanskrit = Aryan according to Monier-Wiliams. Aryan speakers are the indigenous people since Vedic times of Asia (Rig Veda of the Samhitas date roughly to the period between 1500 - 1000 BCE). The Aryans are ancient Indo-Tibetan people of Western India and present Pakistan areas and in the highlands near the Himalayas such as in present Ladakh. They merged with the ancient Greeks that invaded these areas of Asia. You can see great photo of some of these ancient people in the blog <a href="http://sherabphoto.blogspot.com/2010/03/ladakh-festival-leh-ladakh-jammu-and.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+SherabsPhotography+(Sherab" target="'_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Sherabs Photography</span></a>.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:x-small;">Questions in relation with this text: Were the “Romanic” the same as the people that Christianized Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire? Where they migrating from the Eastern parts of Europe or the areas around the Black Sea? Referring to the population genetic research of present day, the "Romanic" people referred to by Monier-Williams are definitively not the same and should not be confused with the minority of the Romani people (i.e. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:x-small;">Roma people</span></a><span style="font-size:x-small;">) in present Europe. The Roma people seems to have a high frequency of a few newer lineages of both male Y-DNA and female mtDNA that must be of rather recent origin in India, while they also share most genetic lines with the majority of present central Europeans. From my point of view it seems likely that these ancient Romanic people could have come from the areas around the Black Sea, from the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire, particularly after the spread of Islam in those areas. These people were a merge between the Steppe peoples, the indigenous of the area, the Middle Eastern people that came with Christianity very early and the Indo-Greeks that had settled those areas very early in history.</span><br /><br />In my search for the word “Galli” I found the following texts from two old books that make a distinction between: 1) The "Finn-Gall" Vikings that are described as the Norwegians (white strangers). 2) The “Dubh-Gall” i.e. the “black-strangers” that are described as the Danish Vikings. These “Galls” are mentioned several places in a history book called "<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/pictishnationits00scotuoft" target="'_blank">The Pictish nation, its people, its church</a>": - "In the eighth century the inrush of the Vikings in force began to be felt all over Pictland. These Vikings were pagans and savages of the most unrestrained and pitiless type. They were composed of Finn-Gall or Norwegians, and of Dubh-Gall or Danes. The latter were a mixed breed, with a Hunnish strain in them" (End of Quote page 448). In <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/lexiconlapponic00ihregoog" target="'_blank">Lexicon Lapponicum</a> (1780, page 201) one of the early names of the Nordic Sami people i.e. 'Lapp' was defined as 'Fenn' and according to other sources the Sami people have been (and is still by some people) called 'Finn' in Norway (e.g. Nansen, F., 1911, page 204: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/innorthernmists01nansgoog" target="'_blank">In Northern Mists</a>).<br /><br />A similar text is from a more mythological book “<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091786255" target="'_blank">The Book of Arran</a>”: - “In the western isles of Scotland, however, it is mainly their neighbours of Norway, akin in race and speech, who play the same part. Later a distinction appears between Finn-gall, 'white-strangers', or Norse, and Dubh-gall or ' black-strangers', the Danes ; on what grounds of difference we do not know. But so far as western Scotland is concerned it is really the Norse who matter, and finally it is so even in Ireland” (end of quote). A version of <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091786248" target="'_blank">The book of Arran</a> that is more elaborated with photos, by Balfour, J.A. (1910), but not searchable for text in the same way as the one that is already linked.<br /><br />“Arran” has meaning in Scotland (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" target="'_blank">Isle of Arran</a>) and in the Nordic Sami language, and so has the words “Gall”, “Galle” and “Galli”. It seems like “Galle” means the same in Scottish / Pictish as in the Nordic Sami language - namely "Guy". “Aran” is a word in Irish and the name of a group of islands “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Islands" target="'_blank">Aran Islands</a>” and also in the Nordic Sami language where it means “fire place” or “Árran” means “fire in the center” (e.g. <a href="https://www.tysfjord.kommune.no/index.php?id=4454027&cat=102340" target="'_blank">Árran Lule Sami center</a>).<br /><br />Because this blog is about comparisons of cultures and the origin of the ancient Nordic Goths I have checked out the following texts: “Hymns 140-164, ascribed to Dirghatamas Aucathya: [1.141.9 d, <b>aran</b> na nemih paribhur ajayathah : i.32.i5 d , ardn na nemih pari ta babhava.]”. And in Page 141: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/rigvedarepetitio032341mbp" target="'_blank">Rigveda Repetitions 1</a> (1916) by Bloomfield, M. Another expression in volume 2 of this work: “<b>Arãn</b> na nemih pari tã babhuva (1.141.9, paribhur ajãyathãh) 1.32.15 ; 141.9. Expression for enfolding protection.” (page 583)<br /><a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/rigvedarepetitio031674mbp#page/n5/mode/2up" target="'_blank">Rigveda Repetitions 2</a>. From “Sanskrit- English Dictionary” By Monier-Williams page 80: “<b>aran</b>-kri (Vedic) <b>Aran</b>-karoti, <b>Aran</b>-kartitrn, to prepare, make ready; serve.” And “<b>Aran</b>-krit, (Vedic) acting satisfactorily; preparing, serving as a worshipper. <b>Aran</b>-krita, (Vedic) prepared, ready; gratified. <b>Aran</b>-kriti, (Vedic) service, gratification.” And “<b>aran</b>-gam, (P, Vedic) <b>Aran</b> -gacchati, <b>Aran</b>-gantum, means to be present, come near (in order to help), become visible, appear. See aram”. And “<b>Aran</b>-gama, (Vedic) means, coming near or into the presence, appearing (in order to help), becoming visible.” And “<b>aran</b>-gara, (Vedic) means praising readily”. It might be that the Sanskrit word "aran" have something to do with religious practices.<br /><center><object width="220" height="190"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/uZGLNlMTv_k?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uZGLNlMTv_k?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="220" height="190"></embed></object></center>In this video Tani Avartanam - Umayalpuram K Sivaraman & G Harishankar plays the Kanjira. In the following link you will find interesting blogs also videos with instructions of how to play: <a href="http://www.framedrums.net/instruments/frame-drum/" target="'_blank">Frame drums.net</a><br /><br />Cybele’s frame drum is called Tympanum or tympan. I will try to find out if resembling frame-drums can be found all over the ancient Empire of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacedonEmpire.jpg" target="'_blank">Alexander the Great</a> and in the areas of the later pre-Christian Greek- Roman Empire. This is a huge area that stretched from India in Asia to the fringes Western Europe, from Caucasus to Africa. I know about some resembling frame drums in the present areas of these ancient empires.<br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI24YyAArHyAD84XohUXjMnx9Nk5q-1nWT-KHAiEEwm9KAmymk9B9Xd-ovyabABysi-cZ2cp0eAav65-RgRDHsYFIAI8i3zdHwqwv1P_cG-v_0fjRhED8jxoX_-0O-OCBGtNTvroEFLW4/s1600/large+Prayer+drum+at+Phyang+Festival+%252C+Ladakh.+P.+by+hceebee%252C+July+2006+Creative+commons+licence+Flickr.jpg" target="_blank" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI24YyAArHyAD84XohUXjMnx9Nk5q-1nWT-KHAiEEwm9KAmymk9B9Xd-ovyabABysi-cZ2cp0eAav65-RgRDHsYFIAI8i3zdHwqwv1P_cG-v_0fjRhED8jxoX_-0O-OCBGtNTvroEFLW4/s200/large+Prayer+drum+at+Phyang+Festival+%252C+Ladakh.+P.+by+hceebee%252C+July+2006+Creative+commons+licence+Flickr.jpg" width="132" height="200" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A large Buddhist Prayer drum - a Dyangro - at Phyang Festival , Ladakh. Photo by hceebee, July 2006. Flickr. You can see how the Dynagro is used by Buddhist in this video that is a presentation of the </span><b><a style="FONT-SIZE: x-small" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oYfYmfmUvQ&feature=player_embedded" target="'_blank">Taxila Buddhist civilization</a> </b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">See also the added site in relation to Dyangro in the following list of frame drums, where you can see a photo of a Bön Buddhist shaman from Nepal using it. </span><br />Tibetan Ritual Sounds. Musical Instruments including Dyangro and Chanting<br /><center><object width="220" height="190"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/MVrMjyYFw9M?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0&hd=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/MVrMjyYFw9M?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="220" height="190"></embed></object></center><br />One <a href="http://www.nscottrobinson.com/framedrums.php" target="'_blank">Frame drum</a> from North Africa is called Bendir and it was originally used to help people to change their level of consciousness. Other resembling drums in Asia, Europe and Africa are listed. As with the ancient Sami frame drum, these drums have different shapes and sizes. Some of these drums are sometimes decorated with e.g. henna or as the Nordic Sami drums with dye made from alder bark.<br /><b>Adufe</b> (Galicia, Portugal, Spain, Egypt, Morocco) / <b>Bangu </b>or<b> ‘biqi gu’</b> (China) / <b>Bendir</b> (Morocco, Tunisia)/ <b>Bodhran</b> (Celtic, Irish) / <b>Buben</b> (Ukraine)/ <b>Daf</b> / <b>Daff</b> / <b>Daffali</b> / <b>Dalit</b> or <b>Parai</b> / <b>Dappu</b>/ <b>Dayereh</b> (Iran) / <b>Doira</b> or <b>Ghaval </b>(Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Xinjian, Turkey) / <b>Rebana</b> (Indonesia) / <b>Doyra</b> (Uzbekistan and Russia) / <b>Duff</b> (<a href="http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Africa/AfricaWesternAsia.html" target="'_blank">Duff</a> in Egypt and Syria) / <b>Dyangro</b> (Tibet, <a href="http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Tibet/3980/DrumNepal.html" target="'_blank">Dhyangro</a>: Photo a Bön Buddhist Shaman frame drum from Nepal) / <b>Gome</b> (Ghana) / <b>Gievri, Gievrie, Kobda or Runic drum </b>(Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) / <b>Kanjari</b> (Northern India) / <b>Duffli</b> or <b>Duff</b> (Northern India) /<b>Kanjira</b>, <b>Khanjari</b> or <b>Ganjira</b> (Tamil, India and Sri Lanka) / <b>Khanjira</b> (Kannada, India) / <b>Malinga</b> (West Africa)/ <b>Mazhar</b> (Egypt) / <b>Pandero</b> (Spain Portugal) / <b>Pandeireta</b> (Galicia, Spain) / <b>Pandereta</b> (Asturias, Spain)/ <b>Panderoa</b> (Basque) / <b>Pandero cuadrado</b> (Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain) /<b>Patayani Thappu</b> (India) / <b>Patenge</b> (Zaire or Democratic Republic of Congo) / <b>Samba</b> (Nigeria) / <b>Sakara</b> (<a href="http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Africa/10971/FrameDrum10971.html" target="'_blank">Sakara</a>: Nigeria and Liberia) / <b>Tar</b>, <b>Tarr</b> or <b>Târa </b>(Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia) / <b>Tamburello</b> and <b>Tammorra</b> (Italy) / <b>Tympan or Tympanum</b> (Early Roman Empire).</div><div><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgIg34_28lVqled4jylFQLQP2-YzYoZ4Mz-R15T89arzn2lRj_rRGiGFOdlRVUDgPUYGiC9osSu90sFg3D1_O0qjSjiDVBFspHpjIB6tkWZ7MLAKvnt703-kNEDyNxg8J1fV_9CSsxT3s/s400/Sami_shamanic_drum.+Exhibited+in+Rovaniemi,+Finland.+Photo+by+Zouavman+Le+Zouave,+2007.JPG" width="300" height="400" /></div>Sami frame drum exhibited in Rovaniemi, Finland. Photo by Zouavman Le Zouave, 2007. The Sami frame drums have traditionally been made in different sizes and shapes.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tao8MdFA36g&feature=related" target="'_blank">This drum is powerful</a> and with it they probably helped people to enter a condition of ecstasy as the daf drummer in the added video of a Sama dance from western Persia (present Iran). This Persian culture likely has preserved ancient Indo-Greek-Roman traditions. The video under is another example of a frame drum from an old Persian culture of Western Iran. Youtube video: Tak Navazi - <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg1vlwFnzB8" target="'_blank">Daf Frame Drum</a><br /><center><object width="220" height="190"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/rg1vlwFnzB8?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/rg1vlwFnzB8?fs=1&hl=nb_NO&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="220" height="190"></embed></object></center><br /><br /><strong>Drums of the Ancient Gods</strong><br />As mentioned, these ancient drums and goddesses were also part of the Ancient Indo-Greek cultures. I do not know if the mentioned drums were used for religious purposes, however there is an old Bronze that depicts the ancient Greek God Zeus with two winged figures or pre-Christian angles. Each of these angles have two drums that resembles frame drums or tambourines.<br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpAQELkDBr5A56r7QE2WnPd5p_8HUSI_oC85IXhi_Ozvf2JxU9cIA3ld_9tln7ls1HOhkzbYGask7bH9nrOMyFPVPsHJ5lJFMYkJ_jTo8pZopLNmZKy4Od1-dcKbUorui4y8MUW3ODYg4/s200/Zeus++Crete+Geometric+period+7th-+8th+century+BCE+public+-+Kopi.JPG" width="200" height="185" /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Zeus and two angles with drums (see larger photo in the previous blogpost)</span><br /><br />This ancient bronze supports that frame or tambourine resembling drums were used in religious practices by the people of Indo-Greek-Roman European antiquity. The drums might be depicted in the ancient art as symbols of changed level of consciousness, and in relation with feasts for the Gods.<br /><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgby8CYTdOmdMWKEUSTLwpm0cDk8zSfzy3AGRSpn6mUcp4sCdwJ1PsCX-z19qq7pk9m2t7HeOyXFxCqMF1i2fqox8lzL1biL3FZ5ivEKL3mCrHJx76A8XAlyBuXZchanERgipz1CSxQZLY/s400/Hellenistic+banquet+scene,+Hadda,+Gandhara.+1st+century+CE.+Musee+Guimet,+Paris.+Public+file.JPG" width="400" height="267" /></div>Hellenistic banquet scene, Hadda, Gandhara. 1st century CE. Musee Guimet, Paris.<br /><br />Frame drums were also used to celebrate the God Dionysus / Bacchus (Hellenistic God of the Underworld that was the son of Zeus) in festivals called Bacchanalia. The Gods are depicted in Bacchanalia on reliefs of the Hellenistic world and of the ancient Indo-Greek Buddhist world: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BacchanalianScene.JPG" target="'_blank">Bacchanalia in ancient Gandhara</a> (present Pakistan), or in Greek Antiquity (<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_Bacchantes.jpg" target="'_blank">Bacchanalia in ancient Greece</a>) and in ancient Rome where Dionysus was called Bacchus (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dionysus_Sarcophagus.jpg" target="'_blank">Bacchanalia in Roman Antiquity</a>).<br /><center><a title="Bacchantes Marble Greece Pirée. Dionysus rython, phiale, Paideia woman, tympanon drum, 400 av. J. – C. Nat. arch. Museum, Athens. by Asoka: Buddhism from Asia to Scandinavia, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/5078565403/" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguB6pVdVx-_N_q9L5uSAFNa-RTu77K5Ww7GbbWju0i-sTkczVvPJFoe9NXxtPTJi9RvOeYN6qt9VjL4jbG3HdBZwriM_KPCSRMnYClDTjj8OvQfyho1TwwmZdxBhIL3-tjibsXR9XAIWs/s400/Bacchantes+Marble+Greece+Pir%C3%A9e.+Dionysus+rython,+phiale,+Paideia+woman,+tympanon+drum,+400+Athens.+Photo+Marsyas,+2006.+marked.jpg" width="500" height="296" /> </a></center><center>Photo Marsyas, 2006. Bacchantes Marble Greece Pirée. Dionysus rython, phiale, Paideia woman, tympanon drum, 400 av. J. – C. Nat. arch. Museum, Athens. <b>Pay attention to the frame drum held up by the figure <u>to the left</u> in this relief.</b> </center><p>The ancient Greeks had frame drums with sun-symbols and crosses in the middle of the drumhead. Here are a few examples: </p><p>I. <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krater_Mainade_and_Satyr_350_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Kat_95_01.jpg" target="'_blank">Satyr and Maenad with a frame drum with cross. ca. 350 BCE</a> Greek Vase. </p><p>II. <a href="http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/O21.2C.html" target="'_blank">Ancient Seiren from Red figure vase Paestan, ca. 340 BCE</a> </p><p>III. <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/antiquitiesproject/4858435609/sizes/o/" target="'_blank">Apulian Red-figured Calyx - Krater. Attributed to the Underworld Painter, circa 335 BCE</a></p><p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/antiquitiesproject/4858435609/sizes/o/" target="'_blank"></a> IV. <a href="http://www.freemanandsear.com/displayproduct.pl?prodid=5197" target="'_blank">The sun symbol is in the middle of the frame drum in his Greek vase found in southern Italy, about 400-375 BCE</a>.</p><center><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB1PJG2fYYg1KG-s9axE8OlZUZMf0YP0Ib0wSHfz07-oQNOmWUcRq80NKbCMjYZYrVXn_Z3huP1Nrs3ojrGbGGlCFsbBpTdMHpbWxtuvYlVaGsAeQI5y2z5a7Fh9IMunlZ-Cdqb9aiE3E/s320/Mari_Boine2_Warszawa_Sep2007.+Photo+by+Henryk+Kotowski,+2007..jpg" width="320" height="212" /></center><center><span style="font-size:85%;">Norwegian Sami artist Mari Boine in Warszawa, September 2007. Photo by Henryk Kotowski, 2007. Wikimedia Commons.</span><br /><br />As the ancient people of the Roman Empire, the Nordic & Russian Sami people have religious drums of different types: <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/s/s%C3%A1mi_shamans_drum.aspx" target="'_blank">Sami drum A</a>, <a href="http://www.digitaltmuseum.se/things/trolltrumma/S-NM/NM.0073190A-B?pos=1" target="'_blank">Sami drum B</a> and <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Linnaeus_dressed_as_a_Laplander.jpg" target="'_blank">Sami drum C</a>. More commonly used were the Sami frame drums. Only a few of these ancient drums are preserved (<a href="http://old.no/samidrum/" target="'_blank">Old drums</a>): <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rune_drum_1691_AD.JPG" target="'_blank">Sami frame drum 1</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shaman02.jpg" target="'_blank">Sami frame drum 2</a> and <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sami_shamanic_drum.JPG" target="'_blank">Sami frame drum 3</a>. All of these different kinds of drums were used by the Sami Noaide-priests both for (what by some is called) "runic magic" and additionally to help the Noaide-priest to enter a trance so that it was possible to travel to a particular level of consciousness or between different levels of consciousness.<br /></center><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; CLEAR: both" class="separator"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkh_QTMGB794x2HrAPGQBKSycYcgHIf8e7Hvyn8OJj507pJhAU68yR8s6a2wGCYn8avhMOI_rPPqhnq8CZkSLuPPek4E609atjRbv9xCqNvXgUD23yZ29stJ3NtuS0PcvBMeUhcf7INK0/s400/Sami+frame+drum+documented+by+the+Christian+priest+Knud+Leem+early+1700s.jpg" width="293" height="400" /></div>Extra large Sami frame drum (Gievrie, Gievri, Goavddis, Goabdis, Gåbdis, Meavregárri, Kyömdes, Kobda or runebomme, rammetromme, trolltromme, trolltrumme and shaman drum, sjamantromme) used by the Sami people in Porsanger, Finnmark, Northern Norway. This is documentation (before the era of photography)done by a Christian priest - Knud Leem - in the early 1700's and published in the mid 1700's. In the following link you can see <a href="http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php/Bilde:11106_runebomme_fraa_Nordfold_i_Steigen.jpg" target="'_blank">Remains of a Sami drum frame</a> from Norfold, Nordland in Norway.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Sami priests Noaide - Noida - Shaman - "Sramana" (sanskrit)<br /></span>Not much is known about the ancient Nordic Goth religious practices or priests. More is known about the ancient Nordic Sami priests that from ancient times are called Noaide. Present Sami dialects have different, but resembling names such as: Noaidi (northern), Noajdde (Lule), Nåejttie (Southern), Nõjjd (Skolt), Niojte (Ter) and Noojd or Nuojd (Kildin) (Source: <a href="http://www.saivu.com/web/index.php?sladja=77&vuolitsladja=84&giella1=eng" target="'_blank">Saivu.com</a>). Other reported names are <a href="http://old.no/samidrum/lapponia/illustrations.html" target="'_blank">Noaid</a> (Scheffer, 1674), Noida and Noita is reported by Ganander (1762) and by others they were called "Noidat". There is a place in Uttar Pradesh, India which is called Noida. In <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/lexiconlapponic00ihregoog" target="'_blank">Lexicon Lapponicum</a> (Lindahl, Öhrling and Ihre, 1780, page 298- 299) the Sami priests were called "Noita", "Nåita", "Naite", "Nåite" (Náites) or Naide and they can do something called <b>Naitotem </b>(page 299). "Totem" is a very uncommon word in a Nordic context, the only word that I know of is a place in Kalmar, Sweden with the name "Totemala" or "Totemåla". The word Shaman is often used at present time in relation to the Sami priests, I do not know if this description were used by the ancient Sami people themselves, or if the word have been used in old texts about the Sami religious practices. In Buddhism "a samanera" (pali: sãmanera, Sanskrit: srãmanera) is a novice monk or samana. Buddhism does not use the word “Noid” or “Shaman” (the latter word is by some is used for the Sami priest at present time). However in early Buddhism there is a word <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shramana#endnote_PED_samana" target="'_blank">Shramana</a> i.e. “śramaṇa” that is mentioned in Dhammapada (Pali language) (Sanskrit: Dharmapada) and this word likely has a connection to the present word “shaman” which is said to be of Siberian origin. According to Gethin (1998) the Sanskrit word “śramaṇa” has a meaning in early Buddhism and refers to Dhammapada verse 265: “samitattā pāpānaŋ ʻsamaṇoʼ ti pavuccati” means “someone who has pacified evil is called samaṇa". I have not yet checked the Rig Veda Samhita for words of similar meaning as Noide or shaman (see side panel in this blog for downloadable translated versions). The word "Sramana" has a religious meaning in Sanskrit (Page 1024, Monier-Williams) where the word is described as, ã or i, am, making effort or exertion (probably as in "Sram" which means to make an effort, exert one's self, take pains). Relevant for this context is that the word "Sramana" in sanskrit can mean "a Buddhist ascetic". "Sam-an" means in Vedic Sanskrit "to breathe again, come to life" and "samãna" means one of the five vital airs (page 1068).<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Monier-Williams p. viii: “By Pali or Pall is meant one of the oldest forms of the ancient provincial Hindu-i language of which Sanskrit is the learned form, It must have been spoken either in Magadha or in some district not far from Oude, where Buddha flourished, and being carried by the Buddhists into Ceylon became their sacred language, and is preserved in their canonical scriptures called Tri-pitaka. Prakrit is the name given to other and later provincial forms of Sanskrit, which were the precursors and parents of the present Hindu dialects, Hindi, Marathi & c.”</span><br /><br />Samana or Sramana (Sanskrit) is a word mentioned several places in <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/dhammapadaacolle02017gut" target="'_blank">Dhammapada, a collection of verses; being one of the canonical books of the Buddhists : Unknown : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive</a>. Two of the verses are:<br />“264. Not by tonsure does an undisciplined man who speaks falsehood<br />become a Samana; can a man be a Samana who is still held captive by<br />desire and greediness?<br />265. He who always quiets the evil, whether small or large, he is<br />called a Samana (a quiet man), because he has quieted all evil.” (End of quote).<br /><br />The Sanskrit word “<b>sãrva"</b> means "as, I, am" {fr. sarva}, belonging to Sarva or Siva (Monier-Williams page 1020). The word Sarva was used with another meaning among the ancient Nordic Sami. The Sami word “sarva” is connected with Noaide/Noide/Noida practices. “Saiva” is a certain level of consciousness or different levels of consciousness. The Nordic Sami Noaide is able to travel to such immaterial “Saiva places”. To help the Noaide reaching a particular Savia place / level of consciousness there are different symbolic animals that will support the Noaide. These helping spirits are: 1) The “Saiva guelie/ guolle" (i.e. fish, snake or reptile) helps the Noiade to reach the cosmologically defined level of the underworld, the god and the place of the dead (ancestors). Crocodiles and snakes had important religious meaning for the Nordic Sami, they were snake-worshippers. You can see crocodiles and snakes on some of the old preserved Runic drums also called Runebomme and Sami drums. 2) Then the “saiva deer” helps the Noaide to reach the cosmologically defined level of this world (the earthly gods). 3) Then again the Saiva leddie/loddle (i.e bird) helps the Nordic Sami Noaide to reach the cosmologically defined level of the Upper world/ Heavenly gods. There are written sources about the Nordic Sami practices see references for instance in <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/pre-christian-sami-religion-and-gods.html" target="'_blank">Saamiblog</a>.<br /><br />The particular information mentioned over is supporting of the idea that the mentioned word Sramana/ Shramana/ Samana used in ancient Asian Indian religious practices is connected to the present use of the word "Shaman". Also the word "Sarva" is used in Vedic and in previous and present religious practices that can be called Shamanic. There are three concepts in Sanskrit that might be related to the change of consciousness levels that resembles the three levels in Nordic Sami mythology: Saiva-sarvasva, Saiva-siddhanta-sekhara and Saivagama (ref. page 1020 in Monier-Williams). I need to check this out; at this point the suggested resemblance is a guess.<br /><br />More related information from Monier-Williams Sanskrit – English dictionary:<br />Shiva is a God, a creater (reproductive according to Monier-Williams), a destroyer and a regenerator. Siva has 11 rudra servants, and his wife is the goddess Durga (otherwise called Parvati, Uma, Gauri, Bhavani, Sati). The sons of Siva are Ganesa and Karttikeya. Karttikeya is the same as Skanda/Uma-Suta and he is the god of war. Skanda had six faces or six heads because he was fostered by the breasts of six mothers. Siva holds a trident / trisula and has other weapons such as a bow (ajakava / ajagava), a thunderbolt, an axe, a staff with a skull called Khatvãnga and a noose/lasso. Siva is fond of dancing and is sometimes called “Natesvara” (i.e. the lord of dancers).<br /><br /><center><strong>Six headed figure from Roman Iron Age in Sweden</strong></center><center cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=17997" rel="cc:attributionURL" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcNOLZveNLklx78w8IIsr444rP3biKSAqRUS4nFEvO8COrel6B7oYi0fD36d4Ap-7ZVuJWQO24AC7jSEjfjOtPxq6FCEE8fPtVQWg8I8hol2jxkOjvp_THz2g43H1IFADh2QG6LaaOMp4/s320/17997.jpg" width="320" height="213" nx="true" /></a><br /><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=17997" rel="cc:attributionURL">Statens historiska museer SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></center><br />A six headed silver figure needle from Roman Iron Age found at Öland, Borgholm, Sweden<br /><br />”Siva means “As I am”, the symbol of Siva or Shiva is the linga and phallus. At a sacrifice there were 16 priests. It is interesting that we have a rich selection of Iron Age stone phalluses in the Nordic areas. Beads (pearls) are used in the worship of Siva and it is believed in this mythology that Sivas "tears of rage" became converted into beads. Glass beads were a part of the religious practices in the ancient Nordic (as seen in the following photos). Chapter 69th in Siva-Purana specifies as many as 1008 names of Siva. The most common are Mãha-deva, Sambhu, Sankara, Isa, Isvara, Mahesvara, Hara, and Rodra. Saiva is a follower of Siva/Shiva.<br /><br />Glass and stone beads dated to Nordic Iron Age found in Tegneby, Bohuslän, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?foremal=456914" rel="cc:attributionURL"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtGGbNmmNitO-JOx2TzPhKFmW2rIImxoO5xpC2TYJf9LND68AsFJbA8_m5Kx2w_0yegtSopxFPT61yEPHqcrRACY1AEGuxcGbHW9fUORAFM27gNfBxPYQAejnp49gxrQam1fMrhFKNi1Q/s200/307985.jpg" width="200" height="130" /></a><br /><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=307985" rel="cc:attributionURL">Jenny Nyberg SHMM</a> <img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></div></center><br /><br />Gold beads from Nordic Iron Age found in Dalstorp, Västergotland, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?foremal=855039" rel="cc:attributionURL"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCh52Oycpy_nVbCGiayHnMJzysUM63p6lUD-yrYAEDMI1sHN8PP_Gr0PZDQMO-HohUcN_6_Jir4DYi-PvmnIwCsVKvu1L9yz6Uat-pBBpneA4_8YNYuguGlH6R8RsEKFq87f9-99MjbVA/s200/15506.jpg" width="200" height="132" /></a><br /><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=15506" rel="cc:attributionURL">Ulf Bruxe SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center><br /><br />Glass bead with intricate facial and flower patterns from Roman Iron Age found at Lärbo, Gotland, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?foremal=270912" rel="cc:attributionURL"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzG4RrenKrr5vBD58B6C1c1OPfYBXGCJ1Xyk2TXFpUsxstaHDaxrsvFlUcz7lZjI6Qe58ylcrA6S_8y1XB3mMQylLow8ToQ0BLy9tWS8tNXgzsH4GwGMPpE-sIN7i-k5MJQw_dvKZr1oQ/s200/19213.jpg" width="200" height="132" /></a><br /><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=19213" rel="cc:attributionURL">Jan Eve Olsson SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">There were many types of beads (pearls) used by the ancient Nordic people in the Iron Age:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Different materials such as <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=109772&g=1" target="'_blank">Gold</a> (<a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=109663&g=1" target="'_blank">gold 1</a>), (<a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=855039&g=1" target="'_blank">gold 2</a>), <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=362437&g=1" target="'_blank">Silver</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=19895&g=1" target="'_blank">Bronze</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=456914&g=1" target="'_blank">Glass</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=38623&g=1" target="'_blank">Cobalt</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=454573&g=1" target="'_blank">stone</a> (<a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=471120&g=1" target="'_blank">stone 1</a>), <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=454577&g=1" target="'_blank">crystal</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=454575&g=1" target="'_blank">fossils</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=386113&g=1" target="'_blank">clay</a>, <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=113899&g=1" target="'_blank">combinations of materials</a>, different shapes such as <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=108748&g=1" target="'_blank">Facetted</a>, round, oval, etc. and different colors & some with intricate décor which includes the ones made of <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=271986&g=1" target="'_blank">glass</a> (<a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=108444&g=1" target="'_blank">glass 1</a>). You can search in the added site <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/start.asp" target="'_blank">Historiska Museet</a> for the word combination- järnålder pärlor . </span><br /><br />The residence of Siva is in Kailasa, one of the highest peaks of the Himalayas. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash" target="'_blank">Mount Kailash</a> is in western Tibet. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash" target="'_blank">The Kalash people</a> are Aryan people that resides in the present area of Pakistan. As already mentioned the Aryan people are indigenous people of Indo-Tibetan origin in these areas close to the Himalayas and they are ancient people mentioned in the Rig Vedas.<br /><br />To continue with Siva, the followers (sects e.g. Saka, Sakya, Saiva) & worshippers of Siva or Shiva are called “Saiva” and believe that Siva is superior the other gods of the “tri-murti”*. There are several different sects of Saivas, e.g. :<br />- The Raudras sect has the trisula or trident marked on their foreheads.<br />- The Ugras who have the <a href="http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Tibet/1383/Damaru.html" target="'_blank">Damaru</a> or <b>drum</b> on their arms. [Does Ugra have something to do with Ugric?]<br />- Bhaktas who have the linga on their foreheads.<br />- Jangamas who have that symbol on their head.<br />- Pasupatas who have it marked on other parts of their bodies.<br /><br />*Tri-murti, is, is, i, having or assuming three forms or shapes, (as Brahma,Vishnu, and Siva) ; page 390<br />**Tri-muni, ind. produced by the three Munis or sages, (as the grammar of Pãnini, Katyayana, and Patanjali).<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Trinity of Heavenly Gods - Three levels of Cosmology of the Sami people</span><br />The different levels of consciousness were in Sami mythology represented by three levels of religious cosmology: 1) The Heavenly Upper world and its Gods. 2) The Earth and its Worldly Gods, and 3) The Underworld with the dead and its Gods (Read more in <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/" target="'_blank">Saamiblog</a> where you can find photos and references). The trinity of Heavenly Gods in the Upperworld: Mater Akka (ref. Friis, 1871), the Almighty Father God (the Sun) called "Radien Acce" and then their Son - The son of the Sun. The Sami people have been called the Sons of the Sun in an old song (a Sami kvad or lay song referred to in texts published as late as in the 1800's). The God that was the "Son of the Sun" sat on a throne, see Saamiblog for a depiction published by John Scheffer and Bernard Picart in the 1600's when this religion still was practiced by the Sami people in the Nordic areas. There were three worldly /earthly Gods: Likely Thoragallis the god of thunder, and the male and the female fertility Gods (Storjunkare or Frey or Frö and Sarakka or Freya). The God of the Underworld was Niord or Bieakagalles. <b><u>These ancient Nordic Gods have many names</u></b>, mostly due to christianization and due to later redefinitions done to obscure the ancient history. To the Gods of the Underworld the Sami offered animals and boats in Tumulus, Tumuli mound graves.<br /><br />In the photos are Nordic Gods from the ancient pre-christian era dating to the "Iron Age" / Järnålder (roughly between 500 BCE to 1030 CE) a period which includes the period called "Viking era" (Vikingatid). From Statens Historiska Museum, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCjKplKOR-sIkNBZ0eiR7W3p-nit3HW27HCg3qy6U6Yw2qvck95ew0VifHU6G53sthKYBsLASw0nLHRWEPl1g2nzEyaJk9yzi4L3UM6wnDbRtLB6TWPmqv7auuO0BrjbAmWlCKp6y6V98/s1600/310151.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCjKplKOR-sIkNBZ0eiR7W3p-nit3HW27HCg3qy6U6Yw2qvck95ew0VifHU6G53sthKYBsLASw0nLHRWEPl1g2nzEyaJk9yzi4L3UM6wnDbRtLB6TWPmqv7auuO0BrjbAmWlCKp6y6V98/s320/310151.jpg" width="212" height="320" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCjKplKOR-sIkNBZ0eiR7W3p-nit3HW27HCg3qy6U6Yw2qvck95ew0VifHU6G53sthKYBsLASw0nLHRWEPl1g2nzEyaJk9yzi4L3UM6wnDbRtLB6TWPmqv7auuO0BrjbAmWlCKp6y6V98/s1600/310151.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=310151" rel="cc:attributionURL">Christer Åhlin SHMM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. A gold plate with a sun emblem in the middle found at Gotland, Sweden, Iron Age. <center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJtDtAz_5UuSfuokhkHuqwKccog1DiqS6SxEqx-sBALDA44xq_e8-nr54R-LA3wT8byn61ltGhyphenhyphenKLnly3Lx_2ky-uOU8ClYLhoFmw0Ifm8z5hcJXep3PbP5Z_55N5bZOHl9Afui5Dbeis/s1600/18093.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJtDtAz_5UuSfuokhkHuqwKccog1DiqS6SxEqx-sBALDA44xq_e8-nr54R-LA3wT8byn61ltGhyphenhyphenKLnly3Lx_2ky-uOU8ClYLhoFmw0Ifm8z5hcJXep3PbP5Z_55N5bZOHl9Afui5Dbeis/s320/18093.jpg" width="212" height="320" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJtDtAz_5UuSfuokhkHuqwKccog1DiqS6SxEqx-sBALDA44xq_e8-nr54R-LA3wT8byn61ltGhyphenhyphenKLnly3Lx_2ky-uOU8ClYLhoFmw0Ifm8z5hcJXep3PbP5Z_55N5bZOHl9Afui5Dbeis/s1600/18093.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=18093" rel="cc:attributionURL">Statens historiska museer SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Religious female figure. Found at Öland, Köping in Sweden. Iron Age, Viking Era. Description of the figure is: Valkyria.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55RFi6qMmHEFFFWhQqP6CWo0l4JEn16rZaxATRlTKrQ-AxuTtXSwynzXSh864h1jz_fSL3V8zPJVtzHz9b4asA0yrcfqKJDLa4fIkmeZRLtmCuWwcinLMi1FB6FA0XnuB6zebSOUDrio/s1600/16525.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55RFi6qMmHEFFFWhQqP6CWo0l4JEn16rZaxATRlTKrQ-AxuTtXSwynzXSh864h1jz_fSL3V8zPJVtzHz9b4asA0yrcfqKJDLa4fIkmeZRLtmCuWwcinLMi1FB6FA0XnuB6zebSOUDrio/s320/16525.jpg" width="320" height="212" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh55RFi6qMmHEFFFWhQqP6CWo0l4JEn16rZaxATRlTKrQ-AxuTtXSwynzXSh864h1jz_fSL3V8zPJVtzHz9b4asA0yrcfqKJDLa4fIkmeZRLtmCuWwcinLMi1FB6FA0XnuB6zebSOUDrio/s1600/16525.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=16525" rel="cc:attributionURL">Sören Hallgren SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. Oden figure in Bronze. Found in Scania, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3j5B66QYAd4tsuo3cvZ5N5wV43xyT_rsN2XKT9Rgbf9dv_vGqryQ6y_sIpjxEClo-CT-UwPs-i3yhNfW5QUiVKHYSZudOj9BHtiHHp3QyrDA2CZF4wM52L5G74kQ4pp5i7uFI6egUFE/s1600/17491.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3j5B66QYAd4tsuo3cvZ5N5wV43xyT_rsN2XKT9Rgbf9dv_vGqryQ6y_sIpjxEClo-CT-UwPs-i3yhNfW5QUiVKHYSZudOj9BHtiHHp3QyrDA2CZF4wM52L5G74kQ4pp5i7uFI6egUFE/s320/17491.jpg" width="212" height="320" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3j5B66QYAd4tsuo3cvZ5N5wV43xyT_rsN2XKT9Rgbf9dv_vGqryQ6y_sIpjxEClo-CT-UwPs-i3yhNfW5QUiVKHYSZudOj9BHtiHHp3QyrDA2CZF4wM52L5G74kQ4pp5i7uFI6egUFE/s1600/17491.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=17491" rel="cc:attributionURL">Statens historiska museer SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. Torshammar. The hammer of the eartly thundergod Thoragalles or Tor. Silver amulet. Hammer of the Thunder God Thor or Tor. Iron Age, Scania, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrSErt184tiVV3o8F_-bhFBCKjBI3xrkPYSdna_BCz6ILPPkzFjRNMIuLkSzYEmDYw_biRm67gXixmiDakbPzle1N6fb0SijKNDzCue64QFzNV8Lw3Tz9-Ioz3YZZqT7KcrqRnayxdOw/s1600/17520.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrSErt184tiVV3o8F_-bhFBCKjBI3xrkPYSdna_BCz6ILPPkzFjRNMIuLkSzYEmDYw_biRm67gXixmiDakbPzle1N6fb0SijKNDzCue64QFzNV8Lw3Tz9-Ioz3YZZqT7KcrqRnayxdOw/s320/17520.jpg" width="212" height="320" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrSErt184tiVV3o8F_-bhFBCKjBI3xrkPYSdna_BCz6ILPPkzFjRNMIuLkSzYEmDYw_biRm67gXixmiDakbPzle1N6fb0SijKNDzCue64QFzNV8Lw3Tz9-Ioz3YZZqT7KcrqRnayxdOw/s1600/17520.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=17520" rel="cc:attributionURL">Sören Hallgren SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. A bronze figure found in Kungsängen, Uppland, Sweden. From Iron Age.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWA-b-XLk6_G8at98bsigJAFLbbO43LGSJshYvli4rS1WtuzMxw4IRundsCAFQb_C03PAj4sIcwNHWi5Ahw8fUwKQi9jo8k44aeDVcC7bG1cRD6TZE_nODf6Zvd8BZnM0xXQuo0wIl3M/s1600/16509.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWA-b-XLk6_G8at98bsigJAFLbbO43LGSJshYvli4rS1WtuzMxw4IRundsCAFQb_C03PAj4sIcwNHWi5Ahw8fUwKQi9jo8k44aeDVcC7bG1cRD6TZE_nODf6Zvd8BZnM0xXQuo0wIl3M/s320/16509.jpg" width="212" height="320" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWA-b-XLk6_G8at98bsigJAFLbbO43LGSJshYvli4rS1WtuzMxw4IRundsCAFQb_C03PAj4sIcwNHWi5Ahw8fUwKQi9jo8k44aeDVcC7bG1cRD6TZE_nODf6Zvd8BZnM0xXQuo0wIl3M/s1600/16509.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=16509" rel="cc:attributionURL">Statens historiska museer SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. A bronze statue of a male fertility God, Frö. Found in Lunda, Södermanland, Sweden.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXP2KGsRwnx28j09lD53f1dBBdxuZDujVZ1rpEXsdu2B18vbEkHrleT4w1SYD8P33L0AAyEM0SLHkGZ-Aubpb0FBx5iXXybrtiitH_9NeaCmBJL-AMMfK6A9yUJC9a1zLvQRaGmmvxHH4/s1600/18171.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXP2KGsRwnx28j09lD53f1dBBdxuZDujVZ1rpEXsdu2B18vbEkHrleT4w1SYD8P33L0AAyEM0SLHkGZ-Aubpb0FBx5iXXybrtiitH_9NeaCmBJL-AMMfK6A9yUJC9a1zLvQRaGmmvxHH4/s320/18171.jpg" width="320" height="212" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXP2KGsRwnx28j09lD53f1dBBdxuZDujVZ1rpEXsdu2B18vbEkHrleT4w1SYD8P33L0AAyEM0SLHkGZ-Aubpb0FBx5iXXybrtiitH_9NeaCmBJL-AMMfK6A9yUJC9a1zLvQRaGmmvxHH4/s1600/18171.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=18171" rel="cc:attributionURL">Christer Åhlin SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. Freja the earthly goddess of fertility. Found in Aska, Östergotland, Sweden. Iron Age.<br /><center><div cc="'http://creativecommons.org/ns#"><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjYCdbq1v8FTzXZABAyyQ8h5aVcYT2oLSOUVZ9xZYM8_d0Q7NFKwHhEq-B7SwoLKVJ_G0c668tTmftuwGGLaEuIA13y-Oi8vFaJ-Tr891JLeckSmYCDipRVD_KhuYJmYAK-DP9RNJ1s4/s1600/16385.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjYCdbq1v8FTzXZABAyyQ8h5aVcYT2oLSOUVZ9xZYM8_d0Q7NFKwHhEq-B7SwoLKVJ_G0c668tTmftuwGGLaEuIA13y-Oi8vFaJ-Tr891JLeckSmYCDipRVD_KhuYJmYAK-DP9RNJ1s4/s320/16385.jpg" width="320" height="212" /></a><br /><a style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1em; MARGIN-RIGHT: 1em" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOjYCdbq1v8FTzXZABAyyQ8h5aVcYT2oLSOUVZ9xZYM8_d0Q7NFKwHhEq-B7SwoLKVJ_G0c668tTmftuwGGLaEuIA13y-Oi8vFaJ-Tr891JLeckSmYCDipRVD_KhuYJmYAK-DP9RNJ1s4/s1600/16385.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://www.historiska.se/data/?bild=16385" rel="cc:attributionURL">Gunnel Jansson SHM</a> <a title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/" rel="license" target="_blank"><img title="Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Inga bearbetningar 2.5 Sverige" border="0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/2.5/se/80x15.png" /></a></div></center>Statens Historiska Museum. Gold leaf for offering to the gods. Found at Bolmsö in Sweden. Iron Age.<br /><br />The division in the religious or mythological world is similar: - In that of the ancient Indo-Greek world, - in the period of Roman Empire Antiquity and - in that of the ancient Nordic and Russian Sami Mythology. This triad division was typical all over the ancient Hellenistic religious world.<br /><br />And just as the Sami are reported to have been snake and reptile worshippers until the late 1800’s the ancient people of the Hellenistic world (Indo-Greek, Greek, and in the Western Roman Empire before the 5th Century) had been snake worshippers. Quoted from the book “<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/fivestagesofgree035414mbp" target="'_blank">Five Stages of Greek Religion</a>. Studies based on a Course of Lectures delivered in April 1912 at Colombia University” by Gilbert Murray (1935/1943): “The Diasia was said to be the chief festival of Zeus, the central figure of the Olympians, though our authorities generally add an epithet to him, and call him Zeus Meilichios, Zeus of Placation. A God with an ‘epithet’ is always suspicious, like a human being with an ‘alias’. … Meilichios from the beginning has a fairly secure one. On some of the reliefs Meilichios appears not as a god, but as an enormous bearded snake, a well-known representation of underworld powers of dead ancestors. Sometimes the great snake is alone; sometimes he rises gigantic above the small human worshippers approaching him. …. To Zeus and all the heavenly gods men gave sacrifice in the form of a feast, in which the god had his portion and the worshippers theirs… The two parties cemented their friendship and feasted happily together.” (End of quote page 14). Zeus might have a connection with the Sami god called “Son of the Sun” e.g. they are both Gods of the sky.<br /><photo 1=""><br /><photo 1=""><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/greatmothergods00showgoog" target="'_blank">The Great Mother of gods (1901)</a> by Grant Showermanm.<br />Page 259. The frame drum played by the Galli is called Tympana. </photo><br /><photo 1=""><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" target="'_blank">Tympanum</a> is also an architectural description of the drum on the arch <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rygge_kirke_20080511-7.jpg" target="'_blank">over the entrance</a> of buildings.<br /><br />Ancient Greek Religion:</photo><br /><photo 1=""><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft" target="'_blank">Vol 1 Zeus : a study in ancient religion by Arthur B. Cook (1914)</a></photo><br /><photo 1=""><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft" target="'_blank"></a><br /><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/p2zeusstudyinanc02cookuoft" target="'_blank">Vol 2 Zeus : a study in ancient religion by Arthur B. Cook (1925)</a><br /><br />Ancient Nordic Sami religion:</photo><br /><photo 1=""><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/ancient-gods-of-sami-de-gamle-samiske.html" target="'_blank">Saamiblog: Ancient Gods of the Sami</a><br /><br /><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/pre-christian-sami-religion-and-gods.html" target="'_blank"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2173925084696542258">Pre-Christian Sami religion and gods</a><br /><br /><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/runes-and-serpent-worship-among-sami.html" target="'_blank">Saamiblog: Runes and Serpent Worship among the Sami</a><br /><br /><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/bear-rites-bjrneriter.html" target="'_blank">Bear and bear-rites</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.saivu.com/web/index.php?sladja=77&vuolitsladja=88&giella1=nor" target="'_blank">Site about Sami religion</a><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Pay attention to the different Body Ideals between the Early Greek-Roman and the later Christian Greek-Roman cultures</span></photo></photo><br /><photo 1=""><photo 1="">These are three Gods - A trinity of Gods - of the early Roman Empire. Pay attention to the Body ideals of these ancient Gods, they are very different from the ones of a newer date. The body ideals are clearly different between the pre-Christian Roman Empire and the later Christian Roman Empire. When you see art from the Roman Empire, remember this fact. Roma was attacked, robbed and people likely fled from the city. It seems like the Roman Empire Gods under are the three earthly Gods.</photo></photo><br /><center><a title="Three ancient Gods of the early Roman Empire by Asoka: Buddhism from Asia to Scandinavia, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/5022528498/"><img alt="Three ancient Gods of the early Roman Empire" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4104/5022528498_e5ab5bc0e4.jpg" width="500" height="254" /></a></center><br /><br />As mentioned, as the ancient Greeks and the people of the early Roman Empire the ancient nordic Sami peoples had a trinity of pagan heavenly Gods, and they had additionally Gods on each level i.e. Earthly Gods and Gods of the Underworld.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-47808991571814866032010-10-03T19:17:00.042+02:002010-10-14T00:22:15.288+02:00The mysterious Oriental and Eastern history of Europe<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Zeus - The Greek God with reptile, lion and angels</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi29eL5wevS0uhKtODv4X0ak_wOL_dZ9eRjnveekNRvG-gaXG_MZkdRb1aLlopBu9JvdHSN1Bl-b00bIOeWZZwSLl43Yr3VXCR7wi1xGnKuGW9kS0VaE2oUzrDRm6u2vidmYJFhmATbTV0/s1600/Zeus++Crete+Geometric+period+7th-+8th+century+BCE+public+-+Kopi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi29eL5wevS0uhKtODv4X0ak_wOL_dZ9eRjnveekNRvG-gaXG_MZkdRb1aLlopBu9JvdHSN1Bl-b00bIOeWZZwSLl43Yr3VXCR7wi1xGnKuGW9kS0VaE2oUzrDRm6u2vidmYJFhmATbTV0/s400/Zeus++Crete+Geometric+period+7th-+8th+century+BCE+public+-+Kopi.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />
The Greek God <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus" target="_blank"">Zeus </a></strong>from Classical Antiquity, found at Crete. In this bronze plate you can see Zeus with Asian appearance holding what seems to be a reptile (likely a crocodile) over his head, there is a animal (likely a lion) near his feet and on each side there are two angel like figures with wings and drums.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>This is a depicted God from Greek Antiquity, likely from Bronze Age. European historians have made up history and tried to convince people and themselves that the very many Europeans with Asian ancestry was brought to Europe as slaves. There are many ancient depictions and archaeological findings that would prove such assumptions wrong. It is very unlikely that slaves would be depicted as Gods, Goddesses etc. as you can see for instance in the Bronze that likely is a depiction of Zeus from Crete. <br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Ancient Indo-Greeks</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIjn1UrAqKksmsyBx87DZcuJsBI4OlYAeqylRTaPbkWmUyMxO0wqCUVZOvSwr_RQuGIEMoTv3e7rLPnAhxg61KnnpPC-6PR0pbTsqMXJYV-eLfcDMXW-J2L-dP3JSR_saNJjNMQB3uNPE/s320/Greek+Minoan+Snake+Goddess+Face+Crete,+Kossos,+Bronze+age.+Exhibited+in+Boston.jpg" width="255" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ancient Greek Minoan Snake Goddess Face Crete, Kossos, Bronze age. Exhibited in Boston.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGWOUjrQk4Ju79OE0OKiW_o1RHb2WQtm3PH5iZTiFsUBWh4X9XWN37eumD3EKySI0AD4nI9FO54LusyNkKcCoBGdA9yOcensMwmHrwqFrOMpy1Q16p7_Wcqy0VrWZI88Pr6wNMNIKCwk/s1600/Peasant_basket_Louvre_Myr330.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyGWOUjrQk4Ju79OE0OKiW_o1RHb2WQtm3PH5iZTiFsUBWh4X9XWN37eumD3EKySI0AD4nI9FO54LusyNkKcCoBGdA9yOcensMwmHrwqFrOMpy1Q16p7_Wcqy0VrWZI88Pr6wNMNIKCwk/s640/Peasant_basket_Louvre_Myr330.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Peasant wearing a pilos (conical hat) and holding a basket, Myrnia, Ancient Greece, 1st Century BCE. Photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2009.</span><br />
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<center><div><embed align="middle" flashvars="cy=bb&il=1&channel=2666130979442448571&site=widget-bb.slide.com" name="flashticker" quality="high" salign="l" scale="noscale" src="http://widget-bb.slide.com/widgets/slideticker.swf" style="height: 350px; width: 400px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent"></embed><br />
<div style="text-align: left; width: 400px;"><a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448571&map=1" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-bb.slide.com/p1/2666130979442448571/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide1.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448571&map=2" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-bb.slide.com/p2/2666130979442448571/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide2.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448571&map=F" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-bb.slide.com/p4/2666130979442448571/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide42.gif" /></a></div></div></center><div><br />
<center><embed align="middle" flashvars="cy=bb&il=1&channel=2666130979442448393&site=widget-09.slide.com" name="flashticker" quality="high" salign="l" scale="noscale" src="http://widget-09.slide.com/widgets/slideticker.swf" style="height: 320px; width: 400px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent"></embed><br />
<div style="text-align: left; width: 400px;"><a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448393&map=1" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-09.slide.com/p1/2666130979442448393/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide1.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448393&map=2" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-09.slide.com/p2/2666130979442448393/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide2.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448393&map=F" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-09.slide.com/p4/2666130979442448393/bb_t001_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide42.gif" /></a></div></center></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Ancient Indo-Greek-Romans of the Roman Empire</b> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="380" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" width="400" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Map of the development of the Roman Empire. Made by Roke, 2009, Wikimedia Commons. Red: Roman Republic 510 BCE- 40 BCE. Violet: Roman Empire 20 CE - 360 BCE. Green: Eastern Roman Empire 405 CE - 480 CE. Blue: Western Roman Empire 405 - 408 CE. The Western Roman Empire fell apart over a period of time, but officially by attacks by the Eastern Roman Vandals in 476. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">The Western and the younger Eastern Roman Empire were definitivly not the same, even if the names are confusing them as such in the history.</span><br />
<br />
In the article by Tenney Frank (scroll down) you can see how the history of Europe was skewed and constructed around racist assumptions, likely this tradition started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.<br />
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Tenney Franks (1916) writes for instance the following:<br />
<br />
<center>"To discover some new light upon these fundamental<br />
<br />
questions of Roman history .... It has at<br />
<br />
least convinced me that Juvenal and Tacitus were not exaggerating.<br />
<br />
It is probable that when these men wrote a very small percentage of<br />
<br />
the free plebeians on the streets of Rome could prove unmixed<br />
<br />
Italian descent. <b>By far the larger part - perhaps ninety per cent - <br />
<br />
had Oriental blood in their veins</b>".</center> <br />
Read the chapter "Oriental Cults in the West", page 158. Pictures from Roman Antiquity are from<b> </b><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cambridgeancient05buryuoft" target="_blank""><b>The Cambridge ancient history (1923)</b></a> by Bury et al. 1923.<br />
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<center><div><embed align="middle" flashvars="cy=bb&il=1&channel=2666130979442448054&site=widget-b6.slide.com" name="flashticker" quality="high" salign="l" scale="noscale" src="http://widget-b6.slide.com/widgets/slideticker.swf" style="height: 250px; width: 400px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent"></embed><br />
<div style="text-align: left; width: 400px;"><a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448054&map=1" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-b6.slide.com/p1/2666130979442448054/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide1.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448054&map=2" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-b6.slide.com/p2/2666130979442448054/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide2.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979442448054&map=F" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-b6.slide.com/p4/2666130979442448054/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide42.gif" /></a></div></div></center><br />
The Western Roman Empire was built on Indo-Greek-Roman traditions. They had many Gods, not one dictating God. One of the main factors for the fall of The Western Roman Empire was the spread of Christianity from Judea creating an inward pressure within the Western Empire. Christianity met resistance in western Europe, but flourished in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGzIfKE06Aft_r0awjxVMttQpqSa9oY1iTcD5A7iK69yNovOw2-brnIRBqFLC1XlgUKnUI5t-pfAW8aHUU_Mg4_0Y0agz_luc3ONWlI4qz1Ra1jgAs0GvPB96RhStWSt-iOH7UUshknWc/s1600/Theodosius_I's_empire+395+CE.+Map+by+Nihad+Hamzic,+2007,+wikimedia+commons.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGzIfKE06Aft_r0awjxVMttQpqSa9oY1iTcD5A7iK69yNovOw2-brnIRBqFLC1XlgUKnUI5t-pfAW8aHUU_Mg4_0Y0agz_luc3ONWlI4qz1Ra1jgAs0GvPB96RhStWSt-iOH7UUshknWc/s400/Theodosius_I's_empire+395+CE.+Map+by+Nihad+Hamzic,+2007,+wikimedia+commons.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Red: Western Roman Empire. Violet: Eastern Roman Empire (later Byzantine). Map by Nihad Hamzic, 2007, Wikimedia Commons. Greece became later part of the Eastern Roman Empire.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>The Indo-Greeks, The Middle Eastern and Steppe Tribes of the Eastern Roman Empire</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk64iqXmn3sNBdX1k-t4I1vLHkfkigPWozYMhrHxGEjOGkWRDp3-eCA5GfscmNPCADH69peF1FAT8y1bpK9T2iXg6Iu0vXhku0w0UFah-QzYiT5LuE1eivl_2_FPhfuZnd4shPHYl4B6E/s1600/Map+of+Alan+migrations.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk64iqXmn3sNBdX1k-t4I1vLHkfkigPWozYMhrHxGEjOGkWRDp3-eCA5GfscmNPCADH69peF1FAT8y1bpK9T2iXg6Iu0vXhku0w0UFah-QzYiT5LuE1eivl_2_FPhfuZnd4shPHYl4B6E/s400/Map+of+Alan+migrations.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Map uploaded at Wikimedia Commons by Abou Ben Adhem, 2007. A map of Vandal migrations 4th - 5th cent. Red - migrations. Orange- military expeditions. Yellow - settlement areas.<br />
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As illustrated in this map the Vandals that became part of the Eastern Roman Empire attacked the Western Roman Empire from Carthage in Tunisia in the late 5th Century CE.<br />
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Christian migrations to western Europe started with the Vandals from the Eastern Roman Empire (later called Byzantine) and after the fall of the Western Empire.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzWGybgJLceG0Huvbcfin03OSuqcjrbvPER_XrImqGDNJocW-ivBV5MTUaGfD5etF72W1FY5UwRWJTkXOu3VMRhbSR0L8HE2f62QcseQueS3P_EQYurWdr2TZBTu6aBTAcxJEA5dc8oKU/s320/Palaeologoi_eagle+Byzantine+double-headed+eagle.jpg" width="151" /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Byzantine double-headed eagle Emblem </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaiologos" target="_blank""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Palaiologos</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> featuring the 'sympilema (the family cypher) of the Palaeologus dynasty founded ca. 1000 CE. This emblem is exactly like the Gandaberunda: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaberunda" target="_blank""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Gandaberunda</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is first mentioned in the Rig Veda of India.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJfB-8UzIy-NNXVjXFMgMDUKXd2yf0Yv11RPGWcTq4VaWD9wDzLA4_WCFWcKiQHzJ7mLQKWH4tkMpTvkLsH-Je_EQcDjtZGOvOFrK-CF9r0cktY31t6CFeBz7IJexetn6t9XlDGINvwQ/s1600/Christianization+Persecution_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJfB-8UzIy-NNXVjXFMgMDUKXd2yf0Yv11RPGWcTq4VaWD9wDzLA4_WCFWcKiQHzJ7mLQKWH4tkMpTvkLsH-Je_EQcDjtZGOvOFrK-CF9r0cktY31t6CFeBz7IJexetn6t9XlDGINvwQ/s400/Christianization+Persecution_.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Christianization: Persecution of Paulicians by Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) in 843 CE. The picture is from 12th - 13th Century</span></div><br />
The eastern Roman Empire survived about 1000 years longer than the western part. However the mass migrations by agriculturists to western Europe from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire came after the spread of Islam and in particular after the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in 1299. The Ottoman empire lasted from 1299 to 1923: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osmanli_Imparatorlugu_1300-1923.gif" target="_blank"">Expansion of the Ottoman Empire from 1300 - 1923</a>.<br />
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Here are a few old photos of people from the Middle Eastern Area: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_woman_(1898_-_1914).jpg" target="_blank"">Middle Eastern people 1</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lebprincess.jpg" target="_blank"">Middle Eastern people 2</a>, and <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family,1893_World's_Columbian_Exposition.jpg" target="_blank"">Middle Eastern people 3</a>.<br />
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Old photos of the Steppe People: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cossack_man_from_the_steppes_of_Russia.jpg" target="_blank"">Steppe people 1</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atilla_fl%C3%A9au_de_dieu.jpg" target="_blank"">Steppe people 2</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salar_man.jpg" target="_blank"">Steppe people 3</a> and <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_settlers,_possibly_Molokans,_in_the_Mugan_steppe_of_Azerbaijan._Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii.jpg" target="_blank"">Steppe people 4</a>.<br />
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Old photos of People of Turkey: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CampesinoTurco--turkeyarmenianat00blisuoft.png" target="_blank"">Turk people 1</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdullah_fr%C3%A8res._Constantinople._Circassian._1865.jpg" target="_blank"">Turkey people 2</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dervish_with_fur_kaftan_and_fur_cap_(c_1900).jpg" target="_blank"">Turkey people 3</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karamanli_wedding_ceremony.jpg" target="_blank"">Turkey people 4</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_bride.jpg" target="_blank"">Turkey 5</a>, <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lynch_Armenia_Five_generations.png" target="_blank"">Turkey people 6</a> and <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gulaboglu.jpg" target="_blank"">Turkey people 7</a>. <br />
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If you wonder about the origin about relatively old Nordic languages for instance “Gammelnorsk”, I suggest that this language came to Norway with these medieval agricultural migrations from the areas around the Black Sea and Eastern Europe. I will in a future blog support this suggestion with the migration of some place names to the Nordic. For instance the placename "Turk" are found in southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrQmP2joU_S2RpEdJkF0pnrgbn4dTR4dn_smeS9EZqD5BzpSSSJ4l3IToBiZFGl71MYEHgJTYXvuUoWrudecAU8DrygAayBIehfGan3WYvfxyAyavfn8MGxyIHlH3Yc6xZZUVHuVUosZc/s640/Mosaic+from+Bardo,+Tunis,+5+century+CE+Christian+Vandal+attack+from+Eastern+Roman+Empire.+photo+by+Giorces,+2007.+Wikimedia+Commons.jpg" width="265" /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mosaic from Bardo, Tunis, 5 century CE. Photo by Giorces, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. After the Christian Vandal attacks of Carthage from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 5th Century CE the Christians settled in Northern Africa.</span><br />
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The Christians are like the Muslims sons of Abram or Abraham, with this myth they did justify their perspective - that they have the right to take the land of others: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" target="_blank"">Abraham</a><br />
At least one of these ancient lands (e.g. Hittites) became a part of the Eastern Roman Empire. The authorization God was supposed to have given Abraham - the right to expropriate foreign lands - has since then been tremendously exceeded by the "sons of Abraham".<br />
<br />
The early Christians were agriculturists in the Eastern Roman Empire, an empire that included the Middle East. In order to understand and explain the Racist history of Europe one will need to dig into this old history and keep in mind when history was beeing written and by whom (i.e. about 1500 CE and later).<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>In the following article you can see an example on how historians have been constructing the racial antagonism of Europe. </b></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/americanhistoric19151916jame" target="_blank"">American Historical Review</a>, Volume XXI, July 1916, number 4, page 689 - 708. "Race Mixture in the Roman Empire" by Professor Tenney Frank.<br />
<br />
From page 705 to 708: <br />
"This <b>Orientalizing of Rome's populace</b> has a more important<br />
bearing than is usually accorded it upon the larger question of why<br />
the spirit and acts of imperial Rome are totally different from those<br />
of the republic, if indeed racial characteristics are not wholly a<br />
myth. There is to-day a healthy activity in the study of the econoiuic<br />
factors—unscientific finance, fiscal agriculture, inadequate<br />
support of industry and commerce, etc.—that contributed to Rome's<br />
decline. But what lay behind and constantly reacted upon all such<br />
causes of Rome's disintegration was, after all, to a considerable extent,<br />
the fact that the people who built Rome had given way to a<br />
different race. The lack of energy and enterprise, the failure of<br />
foresight and common sense, the weakening of moral and political<br />
stamina, all were concomitant with the gradual diminution of the<br />
stock which, during the earlier days, had displayed these qualities.<br />
It would be wholly unfair to pass judgment upon the native qualities<br />
of the Orientals without a further study, or to accept the selfcomplacent<br />
slurs of the Romans, who, ignoring certain imaginative<br />
and artistic qualities, chose only to see in them unprincipled and<br />
servile egoists. We may even admit that had the new races had<br />
time to amalgamate and attain a political consciousness, a more brilliant<br />
and versatile civilization might have come to birth. <br />
<br />
That,however, is not the question. It is apparent that at least the pohtical<br />
and moral qualities which counted most in the building of the Italian<br />
federation, the army organization, the provincial administrative system<br />
of the republic, were the qualities most needed in holding the<br />
empire together. And however brilliant the endowment of the new<br />
citizens, these qualities they lacked. The Trimalchios of the empire<br />
were often shrewd and daring business men, but their first and obvious<br />
task apparently was to climb by the ladder of quick profits to<br />
a social position in which their children with Romanized names could<br />
comfortably proceed to forget their forebears. The possession of<br />
wealth did not, as in the republic, suggest certain duties toward the<br />
commonwealth. Narcissus and Pallas might be sagacious politicians,<br />
but they were not expected to be statesmen concerned with<br />
the continuity of the mos majorum. And when, on reading Tacitus,<br />
we are amazed at the new servility of Scipios and Messalas, we must<br />
recall that these scattered inheritors of the old aristocratic ideals<br />
liail at their back only an alien rabble of ex-slaves, to whom they<br />
would have appealed in vain for a return to ancestral ideas of law<br />
and order. They had little choice between servility and suicide, and<br />
not a few chose the latter.<br />
It would be illuminating by way of illustration of this change to<br />
study the spread of the mystery religions. Cumont seems to think<br />
that these cults won many converts among all classes in the West.<br />
Toutain, skeptical on this point, assigns not a little of the new religious<br />
activity to the rather formal influence of the court at Rome.<br />
Dobschiitz, a more orthodox churchman, seems to see in the spread<br />
of these cults the pervasion of a new and deeper religious spirit,<br />
which, in some mystical way, was preparing the old world for Christianity.<br />
But is not the success of the cults in great measure an<br />
expression of the religious feelings of the new people themselves?<br />
And if it is, may it not be that Occidentals who are actually of<br />
Oriental extraction, men of more emotional nature, are simply finding<br />
in these cults the satisfaction that, after long deprivation, their<br />
temperaments naturally required? When a senator, dignified by<br />
the name of M. Aurelius Victor, is found among the votaries of<br />
Mithras in the later empire, it may well be that he is the greatgrandson<br />
of some child kidnapped in Parthia and sold on the block<br />
at Rome. Toutain has proved, I think, that in the northern and<br />
western provinces the only Oriental cult that took root at all among<br />
the real natives was that of Magna Mater, and this goddess, whose<br />
cult was directed by the urban priestly board, had had the advantage<br />
of centuries of a rather accidental recognition by the Roman state.<br />
In the western provinces, the Syrian and Egyptian gods were worshipped<br />
chiefly by people who seem not to be native to the soil.<br />
<br />
The Mithraic worshippers in these provinces were, <b>for the most part,<br />
soldiers recruited or formerly stationed in the East, and Orientals<br />
who, by way of commerce or the slave-market, had come to live in<br />
the West. </b>From the centres where such people lived .the cult<br />
spread but very slowly.<br />
It would hardly be worth while to attempt any conclusion for<br />
the city of Rome, since, as we have seen, the whole stock there had<br />
so changed that fair comparisons would be well-nigh unattainable ;<br />
but the Po valley, that is Cisalpine Gaul, which preserved its Occidental<br />
aspect better than any other part of Italy, might yield usable<br />
data. For this region nearly one hundred devotees of Oriental gods<br />
are recorded in the fifth volume of CIL., and, as soldiers and Roman<br />
officers are not numerous there, the worshippers may be assumed to<br />
represent a normal average for the community. Among them I find<br />
only twelve who are actually recorded as slaves or freedmen, but<br />
upon examination of the names, more than four-fifths seem, after<br />
all, to belong to foreign stock. Nearly half have Greek names.<br />
Several are scv'iri Aitgustalcs, and, therefore, probably libcrti ; and<br />
names like Publicius, Verna, Veronius (at Verona), tell the same<br />
tale. Finally, there are several imperial gentile names—Claudius,<br />
Flavins, Ulpius, Aelius, etc.—which, when found among such people,,<br />
suggest that the Roman nomenclature is a recent acquisition. There<br />
is a residue of only some twelve names the antecedents of which remain<br />
undefined. This seems to me to be a fairly typical situation,<br />
and not without significance. In short, the mystery cults permeated<br />
the city, Italy, and the western provinces only to such an extent as<br />
the city and Italy and the provinces were permeated by the stock<br />
that had created those religions.<br />
At Rome, Magna Mater was introduced for political reasons<br />
during the Punic War, when the city was still Italian. The rites<br />
proved to be shocking to the unemotional westerner, who worshipped<br />
the staid patrician called Jupiter Optimus Maximus, and w^ere locked<br />
in behind a wall. As the urban populace began to change, however,<br />
new rites clamored for admittance, for, as a senator in Nero's days<br />
says,^' " Nationes in familiis habemus, quibus diversi ritus, externa<br />
sacra." And as the populace enforced their demands upon the emperor<br />
for paueiii ct circcnscs, so they also secured recognition for<br />
their externa sacra. One after another of the emperors gained<br />
popularity with the rabble by erecting a shrine to some foreign Baal,<br />
or a statue to Isis in his chapel, in much the same way that our cities<br />
are lining their park drives with tributes to Garibaldi, Pulaski, and<br />
<br />
who knows what -vitch. Finally, in the third and fourth centuries,<br />
when even the aristocracy at Rome was almost completely foreign,<br />
these Eastern cults, rather than those of old Rome, became the centres<br />
of "patrician" opposition to Christianity. In other words, the<br />
western invasion of the mystery cults is hardly a miraculous conversion<br />
of the even-tempered, practical-minded Indo-European to an<br />
orgiastic emotionalism, foreign to his nature. These religions came<br />
with their peoples, and in so far as they gained new converts, they<br />
attracted for the most part people of Oriental extraction who had<br />
temporarily fallen away from native ways in the western world.<br />
Christianity, which contained enough Oriental mysticism to appeal<br />
to the vast herd of Easterners in the West, and enough Hellenic<br />
sanity to captivate the rationalistic Westerner, found, even if one<br />
reckons only with social forces, the most congenial soil for growth<br />
in the conglomeration of Eurojieans, Asiatics, and Africans that<br />
filled the western Roman Empire in the second century.<br />
This is but one illustration. But it is offered in the hope that a<br />
more thorough study of the race question may be made in conjunction<br />
with economic and political questions before any attempt is<br />
made finally to estimate the factors at work in the change of temper<br />
of imperial Rome.<br />
Tenney Frank.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-67503657805156677262010-06-23T01:00:00.012+02:002011-12-19T10:38:06.468+01:00A guide to Taxila<center><iframe height="430px" src="http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024121125?ui=embed" width="480px"></iframe></center><center><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024121125" target="_blank""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">A guide to Taxila</span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">, 1918, by John Hubert Marshall.</span></b></center><center><br /></center><center>Compare the jewelry in the following photo dated to late Iron Age (about 900-1000 CE) in Norway with jewelry from ancient Indo-Greek Taxila, Gandhara. See photo in the plates between page 78 and 79 (plate XVL) in the book by Marshall.</center><br /><center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/4725579710/" target="_blank" title="Religious jewelry dated 900-1000 CE Vardø Finnmark Norway by Asoka: Buddhism from Asia to Scandinavia, on Flickr"><img alt="Religious jewelry dated 900-1000 CE Vardø Finnmark Norway" height="320" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1432/4725579710_9feabd8345.jpg" width="172" /></a> </center><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Identical silver spoons from ancient Taxila - Greece and Pompeii (Roman Empire before 79 CE)</span><br />At page 78 it is told that the silver spoon from ancient Taxila (present Pakistan) has a Greek pattern and that exactly the same kind of spoons are found in Ancient Pompeii (Ancient Roman Empire before 79 CE).Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-20594582617510119382010-03-04T22:14:00.004+01:002010-03-06T15:21:16.005+01:00Interesting Photos<strong>Kalpa, Himalaya in India</strong><br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/sliceoflife/3881998273/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2469/3881998273_cb5db89b2c_m.jpg" /></a></center></div><br /><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><center><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;" ><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/sliceoflife/3881998273/">Kalpa: Relaxed.</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/sliceoflife/">sliceoflife</a></span></div><br clear="all"></center><p></p><br /><strong>Kalash girl in Zohsi, Pakistan <center></strong></center><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kims4u/513189189/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/224/513189189_1b78d250ef_m.jpg" /></a></center></div><br /><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><center><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;" ><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/kims4u/513189189/">Zohsi</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/kims4u/">Kalash People's Development Network</a></span></div></center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-34922410990245265182010-02-09T22:58:00.039+01:002011-02-24T12:47:53.308+01:00Worship of nature or animist sites in Asia, Europe and in the Nordic & Russian areas<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Photos and text about Buddhist (Animist?) worship place in Gandhara: </span></b><a href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A130" target="_blank""><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">The Gandharan Civilization</span></b></a><br /><p></p><br />Tashinlhunpo Mahayana Buddhist Pilgrims in Tibet<br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/reurinkjan/3153474480/" target="_blank"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3126/3153474480_de63e9c67c_m.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/reurinkjan/3153474480/">Tashinlhunpo Pilgrims</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/reurinkjan/">reurinkjan</a></span></div></center><br /><br /><br /><br />Jens Andreas Friis wrote that the Laplander people in the Nordic areas worhipped pictures of deities and snakes (reptiles): <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/ensommerifinmar00friigoog" target="_blank">En sommer i Finnmarken, Russisk Lapland og Nord Karelen (1880)</a>. The text is in Danish language.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWlw4c0rpjQ-sSyJKIEh6gyuztazodf9E-XWgjVRKf0fODunxoXrjM9YEq9xMyOV0z924qibGIjVLUKWru9px5J2ja9545yVfk7ILTKYviqwifsfOPOisJWLADo43EW6oav1gyfzwcP-tf/s1600-h/11_knud_leem_finnmark_lapper_1767.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 303px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436368942171526802" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWlw4c0rpjQ-sSyJKIEh6gyuztazodf9E-XWgjVRKf0fODunxoXrjM9YEq9xMyOV0z924qibGIjVLUKWru9px5J2ja9545yVfk7ILTKYviqwifsfOPOisJWLADo43EW6oav1gyfzwcP-tf/s400/11_knud_leem_finnmark_lapper_1767.jpg" /></a> Sami people's worship of the thundergod in Porsanger, first part of 1700s by Knud Leem.<br />Knud Leem was from 1725 the second christian missioner in Porsanger, Finnmark (Norway), before him was Rasmus Rachlew from 1718 - 1722: <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=M4QBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA13&lpg=RA1-PA13&dq=lava+ailek&source=bl&ots=1qCp6Jx_Gr&sig=XmRB_Fg1kbQ3fYacoST9bwglatE&hl=en&ei=47KESvaJIoKi_gbvobiyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10#v=onepage&q=lava%20ailek&f=false" target="_blank">Knud Leems Beskrivelse over Finmarkens Lapper: deres tungemaal, levemaade og forrige avgudsdyrkelse</a> By Knud Leem, Johan Ernst Gunnerus, Erik Johan Jessen, 1767.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0f0NojS8qOdkvU1LLE2FahV7Ru4XgnGKFt5UUYQn8mkOUzlN68Ykh-o3NVH1IOFLQSHtjz4QHlE3jsMJD6C3YPJovWKQ1lmbmoXBLNSwQR3aP_pOrTxrXaZkkg218DulgirkZ9kUGC6Xu/s1600-h/ancient_engravings_samisk_religion_liten.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 249px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436368800723492242" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0f0NojS8qOdkvU1LLE2FahV7Ru4XgnGKFt5UUYQn8mkOUzlN68Ykh-o3NVH1IOFLQSHtjz4QHlE3jsMJD6C3YPJovWKQ1lmbmoXBLNSwQR3aP_pOrTxrXaZkkg218DulgirkZ9kUGC6Xu/s400/ancient_engravings_samisk_religion_liten.jpg" /></a> Sami people of the Nordic areas, worship of Gods in nature. From Picarts work about the religons of the world, 1600 - 1700s.<br /><br />”Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde” by Bernard Picart, 1724-25.<br /><br />Take a closer look at the illustrations in the book by Bernard Picart <a href="http://zoe.ats.ucla.edu/Picart/Picart,%20Ceremonies%20et%20Coutumes.%20Volume%204%20Image%20Index.html" target="_blank">Ceremonies et Coutumes. Volume 4 Image Index</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcF_Rml7Q6FyaVznVpqvdhF0ccrryva6mQ9jEUtlaRuIXhUprSEUldyRJw7c-rNWxAcr3SYl75abenXIkskWh1mJYHJI8zCWa2YnhNWCfhwrn5IenSVAfMqLasCH3GdCfKImQfM-qfIQ0X/s1600-h/samisk_religion_1600tallet_norden.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 256px" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436368438527163042" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcF_Rml7Q6FyaVznVpqvdhF0ccrryva6mQ9jEUtlaRuIXhUprSEUldyRJw7c-rNWxAcr3SYl75abenXIkskWh1mJYHJI8zCWa2YnhNWCfhwrn5IenSVAfMqLasCH3GdCfKImQfM-qfIQ0X/s400/samisk_religion_1600tallet_norden.jpg" /></a> Sami people worship seita. Picart, 1600 - 1700s.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jEv3R979OBlgsOcTldSwSXB2FAu6_OGveCkEyT1rNFQTqu_mVG0ThvwDZ8zJvZdurppELR5NGCkSGfAYAZ4f2aqvlEtxh00WIyBOKIrNv-Zd3ourDkGURd69lXFakvuZYrz6VeC7qE89/s1600-h/arctic_religion_people_praying_around_the_pole_of_animal_bones_burnt_offerings_can_be_seen_-_moon,_sun,_fish_and_animals_-_Kopi.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 254px" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5436368035610336226" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jEv3R979OBlgsOcTldSwSXB2FAu6_OGveCkEyT1rNFQTqu_mVG0ThvwDZ8zJvZdurppELR5NGCkSGfAYAZ4f2aqvlEtxh00WIyBOKIrNv-Zd3ourDkGURd69lXFakvuZYrz6VeC7qE89/s400/arctic_religion_people_praying_around_the_pole_of_animal_bones_burnt_offerings_can_be_seen_-_moon,_sun,_fish_and_animals_-_Kopi.jpg" /></a> Laplander people worshipping in front of a prayer banner. Picture by Olaus Magnus 1555.<br /><br /><br />India:<br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joycemcclure/3849745282/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3434/3849745282_5baa1da0b2_m.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joycemcclure/3849745282/">Prayer flags in the Ladakh mountains</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/joycemcclure/">Joyce McClure</a></span></div></center><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZ_JWvanAS8eFafbW5IPFTcx6yRmohUfRxk7f8dmrPlR9dD5haRg2ATkGNWJcM-lfHGDcPKHtXPkuwcl92U7Ub67JUbkeCv4zhsGz-LcYULh5RcF0vi2ELOZYFDMcZj7GAZkv_2vyVNNQ/s1600/Prayer+flags%252C+gompas+and+the+ever+present+mountains.+Flickr+photo+by+Laughing+Buddha%252C+2005.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 304px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZ_JWvanAS8eFafbW5IPFTcx6yRmohUfRxk7f8dmrPlR9dD5haRg2ATkGNWJcM-lfHGDcPKHtXPkuwcl92U7Ub67JUbkeCv4zhsGz-LcYULh5RcF0vi2ELOZYFDMcZj7GAZkv_2vyVNNQ/s400/Prayer+flags%252C+gompas+and+the+ever+present+mountains.+Flickr+photo+by+Laughing+Buddha%252C+2005.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556174073445844658" /></a> Prayer flags, gompas and the ever present mountains. Flickr photo by Laughing Buddha, 2005<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijicCNG8f9UXLUKKq3J_sRu9rdNuGz5CRiNgA7s_g8x7H3q2wleH0orY9m-WvlSilTtTFbGYe1QpFjgqdMThTBKmBwvTUbWJIQ5mL3j2R99zYSZUn4DYD09lNMxMh243CUtDh6Wd4Twu3/s1600/Metal+poles+and+gompa+in+Sikkim%252C+India.+Pelling+monastery.+Photo+by+Carol+Mitchell%252C+2005.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 281px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiijicCNG8f9UXLUKKq3J_sRu9rdNuGz5CRiNgA7s_g8x7H3q2wleH0orY9m-WvlSilTtTFbGYe1QpFjgqdMThTBKmBwvTUbWJIQ5mL3j2R99zYSZUn4DYD09lNMxMh243CUtDh6Wd4Twu3/s400/Metal+poles+and+gompa+in+Sikkim%252C+India.+Pelling+monastery.+Photo+by+Carol+Mitchell%252C+2005.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556173800017116130" /></a> Metal poles and gompa in Sikkim, India. Pelling monastery. Photo by Carol Mitchell, 2005<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg61pxZIUrjt486aPyLSnZr_LbGDGW2oGEJOc2VoaxskKt61IzWXInm3fpmVX-QqlxQpE01Lf0cLi7XtHQaNzwGWge-qglDWkMGZZlbUjnrp1UngwTABEkbPvUhBVaqfiO6AljiFt1sAjl_/s1600/Chorten+and+prayer+flags+Druk+Path+Trek%252C+Bhutan.+Flickr+Photo+by+jmhullot%252C+2008.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg61pxZIUrjt486aPyLSnZr_LbGDGW2oGEJOc2VoaxskKt61IzWXInm3fpmVX-QqlxQpE01Lf0cLi7XtHQaNzwGWge-qglDWkMGZZlbUjnrp1UngwTABEkbPvUhBVaqfiO6AljiFt1sAjl_/s400/Chorten+and+prayer+flags+Druk+Path+Trek%252C+Bhutan.+Flickr+Photo+by+jmhullot%252C+2008.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556173438663319634" /></a> Chorten and prayer flags Druk Path Trek, Bhutan. Flickr Photo by jmhullot, 2008<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwbao7gam63YSCGIWY53qjafNHfTsT8Z7rk2dJ8B08nemWfjxb8Q8oWH42sHN-j01K_IkUo6-7y1jApqnmy2wNzr5Q4eD3NtaPqTk7sM_4FKpObmv1_hPaoxAeFLrSQVy_cxEnWs-GFb9/s1600/The+Stupa+also+known+as+Chorten%252C+is+a+Buddhist+monument+which+represents+Buddhas+body.+Lamayuru%252C+Ladakh%252C+Leh%252C+India.+Photo+by+rutu.r%252C+2009.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 264px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSwbao7gam63YSCGIWY53qjafNHfTsT8Z7rk2dJ8B08nemWfjxb8Q8oWH42sHN-j01K_IkUo6-7y1jApqnmy2wNzr5Q4eD3NtaPqTk7sM_4FKpObmv1_hPaoxAeFLrSQVy_cxEnWs-GFb9/s400/The+Stupa+also+known+as+Chorten%252C+is+a+Buddhist+monument+which+represents+Buddhas+body.+Lamayuru%252C+Ladakh%252C+Leh%252C+India.+Photo+by+rutu.r%252C+2009.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5556173123764978162" /></a> The Stupa also known as Chorten, is a Buddhist monument which represents Buddhas body. Lamayuru, Ladakh, Leh, India. Photo by rutu.r, 2009<br /><br /><p></p><br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tashimaiya/1107948142/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,0) 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1131/1107948142_8d8bcfdb84_m.jpg" /></a><br /><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/tashimaiya/1107948142/">The prayer room</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/tashimaiya/">tashimaiya in Tibet</a></span></div></center>.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_TvNtnkXmfGbhtXQEjZZUpF3H5UYMo2zLO3gQm0NO0Pw15SvdFhae2nyV7FQwkNgQmPJu9raHLFDwAcXhfJoSMNBP1abJRp7UssxiyzHMMtmwavQFNHHj0MUqe1LKRJitQslYTd8W3yx/s1600-h/A+boar,+a+ram,++a+bull+to+be+killed,+part+of+the+flesh+be+burned+on+altar+to+please+gods+Gutenberg+J.Hall+1922.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 187px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5448455537083277058" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_TvNtnkXmfGbhtXQEjZZUpF3H5UYMo2zLO3gQm0NO0Pw15SvdFhae2nyV7FQwkNgQmPJu9raHLFDwAcXhfJoSMNBP1abJRp7UssxiyzHMMtmwavQFNHHj0MUqe1LKRJitQslYTd8W3yx/s400/A+boar,+a+ram,++a+bull+to+be+killed,+part+of+the+flesh+be+burned+on+altar+to+please+gods+Gutenberg+J.Hall+1922.jpg" /></a>Ancient Rome, Pompeii before 79 CE. <span style="font-size:85%;">Offering of a boar, a ram, a bull that are to be killed, and then part of the flesh will be burned on the altar to please the Gods. Picture from </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9625/9625-h/9625-h.htm" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:85%;">Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"> by J. Hall (1922). The Nordic Laplanders did the same type of offerings as can be seen from the Sami "runebomme" that are religious drums with sacred symbols.</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54GxPdijwjxd3yRTZH0XvjRfD8OXNzbDrvxOfZKexq0_4ACfejM1IsCYif2mzHDawclCTLxY3GbyLTsEPLJMKE69_oRt2G-Ax-FGthvdLJN-HTF_jzWg6MlwZhDUsKQQNexA2xYcIojvS/s1600/A+rare+painted+depiction+of+Roman+men+wearing+togae+praetextae+participating+in+a+religious+ceremony,+probably+the+Compitalia.+Fresco+on+a+building+outside+Pompeii.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 231px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54GxPdijwjxd3yRTZH0XvjRfD8OXNzbDrvxOfZKexq0_4ACfejM1IsCYif2mzHDawclCTLxY3GbyLTsEPLJMKE69_oRt2G-Ax-FGthvdLJN-HTF_jzWg6MlwZhDUsKQQNexA2xYcIojvS/s400/A+rare+painted+depiction+of+Roman+men+wearing+togae+praetextae+participating+in+a+religious+ceremony,+probably+the+Compitalia.+Fresco+on+a+building+outside+Pompeii.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453758066361787138" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> A rare painted depiction of Roman men wearing togae participating in a religious ceremony (probably the Compitalia) where they are offering animals. Fresco on a building outside Pompeii, Italy.</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTplKrarxLvFI3NKsvvkNg4Ac2ogFtjhrCLsEzeVv3gu8Mm8ZDG761p8guH1zuHNiocLpo8jgFt-BkwxkjBGINamaAQ19pXuC9kx2aDUy8OfYWIYcfolrb2NWRB8uc-0v_yLl5er8tVlk/s1600/Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 181px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTplKrarxLvFI3NKsvvkNg4Ac2ogFtjhrCLsEzeVv3gu8Mm8ZDG761p8guH1zuHNiocLpo8jgFt-BkwxkjBGINamaAQ19pXuC9kx2aDUy8OfYWIYcfolrb2NWRB8uc-0v_yLl5er8tVlk/s400/Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453757778108544450" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Pay attention to the Asian appearance of these ancient Greeks. Ancient 6th c. BC representation of an animal sacrifice scene in Corinth.The plaque represents a procession to an altar to sacrifice a lamb to the sound of the flute and the lyre. Dedication to Thanksgiving (Charity) is shown with the names of Euthydika, Eukolis, Etheloncha and on the side, the name of the painter whose still not as origin, Corinthian. Around 540-530 BC. AD National Archaeological Museum of Athens, No. 16,464." Photo downloaded by PD-ART.</span><br /><p></p><br /></div><br /><p></p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOALILTD7dIDeSyQzteFg_iBRwXJvQoWYAJ0T6wi8A-DzwhHBVkWpH_7x8WN416EZ9o0LUm8zJJAKLuIYInZaVB0MiTxMmGBc_pECTXP5phUMAk-xJQCa8nwLvQiV4eDB-fhYh6C0ZWUPT/s1600/Fire+alter+worship.+Possible+Zoroastrian+cult.+Indo-Parthian+stone+palette.+Ancient+Orient+Museum.+World+imaging+2006..JPG" target="_blank"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOALILTD7dIDeSyQzteFg_iBRwXJvQoWYAJ0T6wi8A-DzwhHBVkWpH_7x8WN416EZ9o0LUm8zJJAKLuIYInZaVB0MiTxMmGBc_pECTXP5phUMAk-xJQCa8nwLvQiV4eDB-fhYh6C0ZWUPT/s320/Fire+alter+worship.+Possible+Zoroastrian+cult.+Indo-Parthian+stone+palette.+Ancient+Orient+Museum.+World+imaging+2006..JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5553706065273874770" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Fire alter worship. Indo-Parthian stone palette. Ancient Orient Museum. Photo by World imaging 2006.</span><br /></span><br /><p></p><br /><div></div><div><br />In the footsteps of Alexander the Great: A video from Kalash where you can see how they worship nature Gods with offering blood:<br /><br />BBC - In the footsteps of Alexander (The Kalash) 23.<br /><center><object width="420" height="339"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Uld8pPGN5cM&hl=en_US&fs=1&rel=0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Uld8pPGN5cM&hl=en_US&fs=1&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="339" width="420"></embed></object></center><br /><br />You can see the rest of the series at Youtube: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/alexandros1821#p/u/35/E9o07JqxM6M" target="_blank">In the footsteps of Alexander The Great</a>.<br /><br />The ancient people of the Nordic and western Russian areas offered deer blood to their Gods, they where the ancient Laplanders and Goths of Northwestern Europe. The Goths likely came to the Nordic during Iron Age a few hundred years before the common era.<br /><br />History about the ancient history in the Nordic is rewritten and redefined by the later Protestant Christian colonizers starting after the reformation in the 1520's. However there are are a few old texts about the practicing of pre-Christian religion of the Laplanders. John Scheffer and Olaus Magnus have documented some of it, and you can find more information and literature sources in the following post of <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/ancient-gods-of-sami-de-gamle-samiske.html" target="_blank">Saamiblog</a>.<br /><br />John Scheffer (1674), page 144 Chapter X: Sami men run a sharp knife through the heart of a reindeer buck and gather the blood from the heart. The image of Thor is placed on an altar and is offered to by drawing crosses with the blood on the chest of the deity. Some of the fat is also offered, and the horns of the sacrificed deer, the skull and its feet are placed behind the deity. The rest of the animal is placed in a coffer and is used in the household. The Sami offered to Thor in the autumn.<br /><br /><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441195961259551122" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6w7j6H0FTSvJQvJ7P1VMpSWGRJljH1NNlMkn1xaLB0Yb325hvalveoO48-DMVbuDJ_Dd0dRC6qUaDPdMIxGh4Wsm0heULppdCgxTlvzftlJ7kIIKUul7_Ff6VJiBr_f67b4zViqjER_D4/s400/Religious+offering.jpg" /><span style="font-size:85%;">Laplander people on the Nordic areas. </span><br /><br /><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 368px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441195685230907506" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJyLGoGJR8ogHfTG8bsEvQ2jS3eZ7_-4_7jo_9P1GSJlcrzbFSaEVs4HDtLP46OvSQg7-TYWymRY7v2ZYpb3fZJjuvsdVoRR3PDDIaJFDRF7SZvRaTMDnt2LtZGqrrllw89xmBDn28py-/s400/ancient+Sami+-offering+a+reindeer+for+Thoron.jpg" /><span style="font-size:85%;">Laplander people is slaughtering an offering deer. </span><br /><a href="http://zoe.ats.ucla.edu/Picart/Picart,%20Ceremonies%20et%20Coutumes.%20Volume%204%20Image%20Index.html" target="_blank">Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde</a> In English: “The ceremonies and religious customs of the various nations” , (1725) av Bernard Picart. The source of the next picture is the same.<br /><br /><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 363px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441195268301281346" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9iU6aQ9hp7ekhC0B_FxyCcA7kuGzrh0mZg8xkCVfKOYn-j_LCE2GwyfOab0HwVeNlYf71WYhVJvVhcTpIbVQJ7JHytgUF3gMVtKlps8D20Dgzj_p5gurkwqfOnorHUQRLkfff1v9y6aMC/s400/ancient+Sami+offering+to+Thoron.jpg" /><span style="font-size:85%;">Laplander men is offering blood to the Thunder God Thor or Thora Galles in the 1600's. </span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-9342430958785583582009-11-25T23:47:00.027+01:002010-09-04T18:05:12.508+02:00Saivism in Ancient India and in Northern Europe<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5408018926702032866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSn1JG3_8ugP3DOJITcG_EHWbBroC22aBKQarYRg28mTyKZrR95RelikRPrDHC051kcX50Ef4ii8KtVrEnpE7Sr_89icPRmmZMjIDx37GcTYE6XEXsNQgJSeLls9UyfeHyVKPN8krQ_ek/s400/Indus_shiva2.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 387px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">An Indus Valley Seal of what seems to be a standing Pashupati in the upper left. Photo credits to Mel Copeland: </span><a href="http://www.maravot.com/Banquet.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Banquet of the Gods</span></a><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">A relation between Pashupati and Shiva</span></strong><br />
In ancient India there are several archaeological findings dating back to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" target="_blank">Indus Valley Civilization</a> (about 3.300 - 1.300 BCE) of e.g. seals that depict a yogi figure i.e. Pashupati or "proto-Shiva" (Flood, Gavin, 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism). Read more about Pashupati: <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/446157/Pashupati" target="_blank">Pashupati</a>. Paśupati (Sanskrit) has been translated as ”Lord of the Cattle” or ”Lord of the animals” (references are given in the hyperlinked article).<br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;">A comment on the Wikipedia article about </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupati" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pashupati</span></a><span style="font-size: 85%;">, an article that needs more literature references: In the Nordic people and culture are not called Celts or Celtic, and the figure were unlikely named Cernunnos in the Nordic areas. However there might have been a close genetic and cultural relation between the ancient Celts and the ancient Nordic people.<br />
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You can read about the Harappan Civilization in a very good and illustrated article by Tarini J. Carr: <a href="http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html" target="_blank">Harappan period</a><br />
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Worshippers of Shiva or Siva is called Saiva or Shaiva (<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20583/20583-h/20583-h.htm#d0e9508" target="_blank">Russell, R.V.</a>, "The tribes and castes of the central provinces of India", 1916) and are followers of Shavism. Saiva or Shavia are worshipers of the God Shiva or Siva. "Shiva" is also the noun while "Shaiva" is the adjective. <br />
According to the translation by <a href="http://www.saivaneri.org/pasug_the_g_as_in_god.htm" target="_blank">Saivaneri</a> site: ”The meaning of Pashupati is the essence of Saiva Samayam, Saivism, Saiva Siddhantham. Pasu means Animal. Pati means God” ( <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" target="_blank">More information from this Wikimedia article </a>).<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22597545/09-The-Indus-Civilization" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto; text-decoration: underline;" title="View 09 The Indus Civilization on Scribd">09 The Indus Civilization </a> <object data="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" height="600" id="doc_650595652127428" name="doc_650595652127428" style="outline: none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%"> <param name="movie" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf"><param name="wmode" value="opaque"><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=22597545&access_key=key-275ii48ec5a681ock4ha&page=1&viewMode=list"><embed id="doc_650595652127428" name="doc_650595652127428" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=22597545&access_key=key-275ii48ec5a681ock4ha&page=1&viewMode=list" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="600" width="100%" wmode="opaque" bgcolor="#ffffff"></embed> </object> </center><br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Saivism is old in India</span></strong><br />
In ”The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism” (Ed. Flood, Gavin, 2003) the Pashupata or Pashupati Shaivists are referred to in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" target="_blank">Mahabharata</a> in action that takes place in the 4 millennium BCE:( a Sanskrit Epic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" target="_blank">Pashupata Shaivism</a>.<br />
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Pashupati Saivism is according to Flood (1996, p. 86) mentioned in texts from 400-200 BCE in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" target="_blank">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>.<br />
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Read more in the following sites:<br />
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1) <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/DevelopmentOfHinduism" target="_blank"><strong>Development of Hinduism</strong></a> (search for: Saivism)<br />
2) <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518556/Shaivism" target="_blank"><strong>Saivism</strong></a><br />
3) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism" target="_blank"><strong>Saivism</strong></a><strong> </strong><br />
4) <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/serpentandsivaw00clargoog" target="_blank"><strong>Serpent and Siva worship and mythology in Central America, Africa, and Asia (1876)</strong></a><strong><br />
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Archaeological objects from India and the Nordic Areas<br />
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<center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5408029474940496274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9JT528u8GDUlqoSxL9pfi-XhU0BnZsDffQ5AE5-OYLwWjxaf-Ax06_MQ9zPgGCbLimckLhyphenhyphenNaacotmJDZi5WMgEYnj9l1MFj7twPa4HOXWIAvFVznHEIHhKstKde1TGNTieooqR1AdI/s320/Indus_sealA.jpg" style="cursor: hand; height: 218px; width: 195px;" /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5408029219678834466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXo4YTt8IFfSB833ZT4zOhTbqmZ1zrD-U65MdfvaH7IkKSkBwjPEGWWe2lF7iUGS_YFSa71wGQpohci1JIzKU7AokT5nJou4GOaZnWrQtA50vBvWZcgCrTMk-WbK4E2IOwktNqa8xnn_c/s320/Buckle_from_Oseberg_Vikingship_Buddha_3.jpg" style="cursor: hand; height: 218px; width: 193px;" /></center><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Indus Valley Pashupati and a Buddha figure from Norway (date 834 CE). These figures does depict a Yogi. Also, the swastika that have been used as a Buddhist ornament is a common symbol in both ancient cultures. Photo credits for the Indus Valley Pashupati to Mel Copeland: </span><a href="http://www.maravot.com/Banquet.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Banquet of the Gods</span></a></center><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikxBM_sMrBA4COFzGoklnGepwKEKlzu59wWjxNXD78n8YfMyotZgyXeFlMX9TufBgUEjBi74U0seKApOl7DkHIO0Xx9gIjjsKpH25xOXxLVV9AuxShH9R8x-5WsqGnAhyphenhypheng1eRnVTkTsySP/s1600/4080807508_d024322bcd_o%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407873248484999170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikxBM_sMrBA4COFzGoklnGepwKEKlzu59wWjxNXD78n8YfMyotZgyXeFlMX9TufBgUEjBi74U0seKApOl7DkHIO0Xx9gIjjsKpH25xOXxLVV9AuxShH9R8x-5WsqGnAhyphenhypheng1eRnVTkTsySP/s400/4080807508_d024322bcd_o%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 290px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">A Silver vessel, the Gudersturp Cauldron was found in Himmerland, Jutland, Denmark. It is exhibited at the National Museum (Nationalmuseet) in Copenhagen Denmark. Photo: Malene Thyssen.</span> <br />
This is an Indus Valley Seal that resembles one of the scenes at the Gudersturp Cauldron from "Nordic Iron Age" in Denmark. "Nordic Iron Age" is dated to a different period compared to e.g. "Indus Valley Iron Age" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_India" target="_blank">Harappan Iron Age period</a> that lasted 1200–300 BCE). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" target="_blank">Scandinavian Iron Age</a> is placed to the period 500 BCE - about 800 CE. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm6BNU8omcUWm4nbi2QMrMfUWIfqjnjXDeo3rzlM6RgwDfW95IOZ2AX4URMVQjAu_sgwP6gKRA4vbV06SC4Y1UALDwqV6JumGBmwOJsUHtLKPXX5Jmef5Oy5ywgMXXWVNFhZbWmTvs6ys/s1600/Pashupati-sacrifice.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5408033583652725490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm6BNU8omcUWm4nbi2QMrMfUWIfqjnjXDeo3rzlM6RgwDfW95IOZ2AX4URMVQjAu_sgwP6gKRA4vbV06SC4Y1UALDwqV6JumGBmwOJsUHtLKPXX5Jmef5Oy5ywgMXXWVNFhZbWmTvs6ys/s400/Pashupati-sacrifice.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 175px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">An Indus Valley Seal of a figure that has been interpreted as Pashupati. Photo credits to Mel Copeland: </span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://www.maravot.com/Banquet.html" target="_blank">Banquet of the Gods</a></span><br />
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<center> <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/3509029/sarasvatimetaphor" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto; text-decoration: underline;" title="View sarasvatimetaphor on Scribd">sarasvatimetaphor</a> <object data="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" height="600" id="doc_65798" name="doc_65798" style="outline: none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%"> <param name="movie" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf"><param name="wmode" value="opaque"><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=3509029&access_key=key-1oy2jugtqjmlgkis7bbm&page=1&viewMode=list"><embed id="doc_65798" name="doc_65798" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=3509029&access_key=key-1oy2jugtqjmlgkis7bbm&page=1&viewMode=list" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="600" width="100%" wmode="opaque" bgcolor="#ffffff"></embed> </object> </center><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://www.maravot.com/Banquet.html" target="_blank"></a></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hjHTGNuQc1O8UWNoHeM2SwVa1E1z9JHPATpMLYvMaIktZqLjWaS6_ptiaTUDb7272Cin1A3mFoV1eSy8vSY5ixVmTasTPJJOLuFjCb2qMTqgfdqQ3pQXAvh8S1uhuPsvLpeAzYi7V4xM/s1600/4080066107_715bb460ab_o%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407873718899891010" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hjHTGNuQc1O8UWNoHeM2SwVa1E1z9JHPATpMLYvMaIktZqLjWaS6_ptiaTUDb7272Cin1A3mFoV1eSy8vSY5ixVmTasTPJJOLuFjCb2qMTqgfdqQ3pQXAvh8S1uhuPsvLpeAzYi7V4xM/s400/4080066107_715bb460ab_o%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 304px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Detail of the Gundestrup Cauldron shows an antlered figure holding a serpent in one hand, the figure is flanked by animals including a stag. Photo by Blodofox, 2008. Wikimedia Creative Commons ShareAlike.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3uS0IXMXzxSBP5J8ZQ0uJh0o1rXGIGsmIDNPB0mpACvxxXDOkDWt8yNrImSsz_Tv5IdzPnwWcIfBxaawU0JtpFDQDHmhsmXo96NrSRvco-uIqAoyY8Ydhgtsub8jA_Tr7mbmHdWoszSKd/s1600/4080842856_20a953c51b_o%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407874397249562274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3uS0IXMXzxSBP5J8ZQ0uJh0o1rXGIGsmIDNPB0mpACvxxXDOkDWt8yNrImSsz_Tv5IdzPnwWcIfBxaawU0JtpFDQDHmhsmXo96NrSRvco-uIqAoyY8Ydhgtsub8jA_Tr7mbmHdWoszSKd/s400/4080842856_20a953c51b_o%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 219px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Detail of the Gundestrup cauldron that was found at Jutland in Denmark and dated to the 1st century BCE (Iron Age).</span><br />
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There are other archaeological findings of similar antlered and horned figures in other Nordic areas. In the Oseberg ship burial mound there were found at least one carved figure with horns that seems to be part of a religious ceremony where there additionally was depicted serpent worship.<br />
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<b>Take a look to the left of the second ancient picture (click on the picture) from the English Atlas made by Moses Pitt in the 1600's and you can see a Nordic Sami shaman depicted wearing a horned hat: </b><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2010/08/some-herbs-old-illustrations-and-photos.html" target="_blank""><b>Saamiblog</b></a><b>. In the next Saamiblog link you view also see a real Sami shaman horned hat that is owned by Nordiska Museet in Stockholm, Sweden: </b><a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/bear-rites-bjrneriter.html" target="_blank""><b>Saamiblog: Bear rites</b></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg02t6Clxcv5BJunsyL6lKN2ogcWFRSPopvUPn2LZsUG9BWgwlcyakMHwzwBITEh1RT2p57vCr7q61wPstgMMYG13SE68uCBeuyGy2ZSm8aljX_guswMwBqIaPjDCCL9DC8gZvX7epTu7kn/s1600/3567133172_010f021757_b%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407877502804143570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg02t6Clxcv5BJunsyL6lKN2ogcWFRSPopvUPn2LZsUG9BWgwlcyakMHwzwBITEh1RT2p57vCr7q61wPstgMMYG13SE68uCBeuyGy2ZSm8aljX_guswMwBqIaPjDCCL9DC8gZvX7epTu7kn/s400/3567133172_010f021757_b%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 383px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Wood carved detail of a panel found in the Oseberg ship burial mound in Vestfold, Norway. Dated to 834 CE.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKwEOCn7rSowdW8OYlItyfMaMYHKAO9ZTQJd5ctRqoTQJG5ah35he9nWLQXNzvTrmFppLnYvSDZl7lNbO4PSSYjmJ0HhvMj9DuAac2yD5TXBnLFSB3jV7UZCt5HROnYvm744DgYV4NTJj/s1600/3567134066_ddc52558e7_b%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407877661771401490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKwEOCn7rSowdW8OYlItyfMaMYHKAO9ZTQJd5ctRqoTQJG5ah35he9nWLQXNzvTrmFppLnYvSDZl7lNbO4PSSYjmJ0HhvMj9DuAac2yD5TXBnLFSB3jV7UZCt5HROnYvm744DgYV4NTJj/s400/3567134066_ddc52558e7_b%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 267px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Carved panel found in the Oseberg ship burial mound in Vestfold, Norway. Dated to 834 CE.</span><br />
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The same type of serpent worship as in the Iron Age Nordic areas took place in the ancient kingdom of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_Kingdom" target="_blank"><strong>Gandhara</strong></a>. People of <a href="http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-08enl.html" target="_blank"><strong>The Kushan Empire (20 - 280 CE)</strong></a> were serpent worshippers seen in both the art of of Gandhara and that of Mathura (e.g. <a href="http://www.guimet.fr/Nagaraja-Serpent-King" target="_blank"><strong>Nagaraja: The Serpent King</strong></a>).<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44443634@N08/4079632257/" title="Indo - Greek Buddhist Kanishka Casket detail by Asoka: Buddhism from Asia to Scandinavia, on Flickr"><img alt="Indo - Greek Buddhist Kanishka Casket detail" height="213" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2427/4079632257_dd60bea373_m.jpg" width="240" /></a></center><br />
A detail of the Kanishka casket found near Peshawar, Pakistan. The Kansihka casket is an example of Indo-greek art. The figures is holding a garland or a serpent. Photo by PHGCOM, 2005 Wikimedia GNU. This particular casket is a copy exhibited at the British Museum. The original can be seen in this photo from where it is exhibied at the <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/askwhat/336977524/" target="_blank">Lahore museum</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7vAWRgQUwrXIw7aPgpndqxp3wcb5O4cgDN-G3VD5n8Tsb90dCj2tr6gt1EZRJZXtWafe6-mMFGHhNULguLjnGPDly8MUfE4cjkFt7vsO_vCabBSwjBT4MbCZIf4BWzvcW8XDMl8ezo9k/s1600-h/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury+by+PHGCOM,+2008.++Wikimedia.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300272518023170194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7vAWRgQUwrXIw7aPgpndqxp3wcb5O4cgDN-G3VD5n8Tsb90dCj2tr6gt1EZRJZXtWafe6-mMFGHhNULguLjnGPDly8MUfE4cjkFt7vsO_vCabBSwjBT4MbCZIf4BWzvcW8XDMl8ezo9k/s200/ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury+by+PHGCOM,+2008.++Wikimedia.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 124px;" /></a> Three Headed Shiva Gandhara 2nd Century by PHGCOM, 2008. Wikimedia <br />
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The philosophy of <a href="http://religionencyclopedia.info/?p=552" target="_blank">Saivism or Shaivism</a> is mentioned many times in the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 - 200 BCE). Shiva or Siva is mentioned for the first time in this text from about 350 BCE, however Shiva is commonly interpreted <a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab75" target="_blank">as Rudra from the RigVeda texts from 1500 BCE</a>. While Vishnu was the more important Sun God, Rudra was the god of storm, wind, and hunting. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra" target="_blank">Rudra is the "The Archer"</a> (Sanskrit: Śarva). <br />
The origin of <a href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/glossary1.html#shiva" target="_blank">Shiva</a> is the Himalayas where he lives with his wife Parvati and he is god of the wild mountains and forests. His vehicle is a Bull named Nandi. He is one of the three main gods with Vishnu and Devi. Attributes: Trident and snake (Northern India) and Antelope and axe (Southern India). When Shiva and Paravati is represented with their son Skanda (Kartikeya: The God of battle) the group is called Somaskanda.<br />
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“According to James Fergusson, the Nagas were not originally serpents, but serpent worshippers. Dr. C.F. Oldham is of the opinion that the Nagas claimed descent from the sun and had the hooded serpent for a totem. K.R. Subramaniam in his Origin of Shaivism mentions that the Naga is mixed with a cult of Saivism, and it is claimed that South Indian Saivism migrated to Northern India, leaving in the south its remnants in the Nagaras or Nayars. Further, the tribes of Nagas had powerful Kingdoms in different parts of India” (end of quote page 59). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=Ancient+Khotan+kashmiri&source=bl&ots=T1nLZuxnq6&sig=7N4L61kHbsxODAu1DWqwf8h7UhA&hl=en&ei=IX7tSbGfJIPT-AaQlPS3Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA61,M1" target="_blank">Culture and political history of Kashmir</a> by Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai (1994). About the Nagas at page 58 – 59.<br />
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<a href="http://www.therianthropes.com/nagas_mythology.htm#kashmir" style="color: #993399;" target="_blank">Mythology of the Nagas</a><span style="color: #663366;"> </span>India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Cambodia, Nagaland, Tibet. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2wTNEyBAPmF7Ts1kq0fIJW9wT-i7Bgs_m3Gs9Cfe6ZOrQk_KjicMRZS-PVwbXM7JoiKzBpikmufLsKnZEJJiZFqwwlFW5GQq77YZqs4hPd-fAGFWEBfJGeJmAXt86GUyGUX3AZ1C71Rw/s1600-h/Press+photo+Fr%C3%B6statyett+fr%C3%A5n+R%C3%A4llinge.+Historisk+Museeum+stockholm.+Foto+av+Christer+%C3%85hlin.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300273739939011634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2wTNEyBAPmF7Ts1kq0fIJW9wT-i7Bgs_m3Gs9Cfe6ZOrQk_KjicMRZS-PVwbXM7JoiKzBpikmufLsKnZEJJiZFqwwlFW5GQq77YZqs4hPd-fAGFWEBfJGeJmAXt86GUyGUX3AZ1C71Rw/s200/Press+photo+Fr%C3%B6statyett+fr%C3%A5n+R%C3%A4llinge.+Historisk+Museeum+stockholm.+Foto+av+Christer+%C3%85hlin.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 138px;" /></a> <a href="http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?name=Frej" target="_blank">Frey or Frej</a> (means: master. Swedish: Herren) deity statue from Rällinge, Lunda in Södermanland, Southern Sweden, dated to the Viking Iron Age era. Foto av Christer Åhlin. <br />
Another photo of Freyr can be seen in the following URL: <a href="http://shmbild.historiska.se/shm-bild/PCD2033/PHOTO_CD/IMAGES/IMG0081.JPEG" target="_blank"><strong>Bronze Statue from Lunda Rällinge in Sweden</strong></a> Photo: Historiska Museet, Stockholm.<br />
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Other Nordic Myrhology names for Frey, Frej or Frö is Freyr <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr" target="_blank">Freyr</a> and Frøy.<br />
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<strong><span style="font-size: 180%;">Continuity of Nordic history from Iron Age to 1800s</span></strong> <br />
The Sami are ancient people of north-western Europe that have preserved parts of the old culture and religion at least until the 1800s e.g. serpent worship, tree worship. In different dialects of the Sami language spoken in Norway, Sweden, Finland and North western Russia there are words that might be related to Asian Saivism. <br />
<a href="http://www.saivu.com/web/index.php?sladja=88&giella1=nor" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><strong>Sami Saiva</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: 130%;"><strong>:<br />
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Sáivu<br />
</strong><a href="http://www.saivu.com/web/calahus.php?sladja=88&giella1=nor" target="_blank"><strong>Sáivu</strong></a><strong>, sáiva, sávja (northern Sami)<br />
Sájvva (Lule Sami)<br />
Saajve (Southern Sami)<br />
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More about Sami religion Saiva: <a href="http://www.saivu.com/web/index.php?sladja=88&giella1=eng" target="_blank">Saivu</a><br />
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For more photos, information and literature references you can read the blog posts that are hyperlinked here: <br />
* <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/ancient-gods-of-sami-de-gamle-samiske.html" target="_blank">The ancient Gods of the Sami</a><br />
* <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/runes-and-serpent-worship-among-sami.html" target="_blank">Runes and serpent worship among the Sami</a><br />
* <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/bear-rites-bjrneriter.html" target="_blank">Horned shamans of the Sami and bear-rites</a><br />
* <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/01/pre-christian-sami-religion-and-gods.html" target="_blank">Pre-Christian Religion of the Sami, Shamans, Saiva</a><br />
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There are continuity in history from iron age and the old Sami history in southern and northern Nordic and western Russian areas. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-32227204839208431592009-07-23T02:30:00.011+02:002009-08-27T19:52:08.905+02:00From Iberia to India on a Roman Tabula Peutingeriana 1- 4th century CEThis is an amazing Roman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" target="_blank">Tabula Peutingeriana</a> map illustrating areas from India in the east to Iberia in the west. It is made in the 1st to the 4th Century CE. This particular facsimile edition is made by Conradi Millieri and published in 1887 - 1888. You can download and take a closer look at the whole map by clicking on the first picture. The file is over 7 MB.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/TabulaPeutingeriana.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 17px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGPPevDCZpcBsA6R7grxSI0COIIscuA8Ka19S3aHdyKWSS1qjRlaQKWxdgDIyjIo_aLqQZYWYhyphenhyphen0EhXoyrmUHMgB2WbPRAPKa8cdnVhM9Zjkux_CAc285VTtwMTUgrSuXceoxtAS-S2D4J/s400/From+Iberaia+in+the+west+to+India+in+the+east.+Roman+Tabula+Peutingeriana,+1-4th+century+CE.+Facsimile+edition+by+Conradi+Millieri,+1887-1888by+PHGCOM+-+Kopi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361447069373394450" border="0" /></a><br />Shared by PHGCOM. Thank you.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpujhaVGudqDN_bcEURf2QurJ0rIlq77MdOoSf-jYEeotIpEEErTjXbWqbWO0YxwVVDYGx6Gn1BqGX8SVLdMmks6DHoDwRV60KjP8SzoMTFY3em6i97kURdw5yVRo7GDbgLq24cObgd7hm/s1600-h/Iberia+in+the+west.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 223px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpujhaVGudqDN_bcEURf2QurJ0rIlq77MdOoSf-jYEeotIpEEErTjXbWqbWO0YxwVVDYGx6Gn1BqGX8SVLdMmks6DHoDwRV60KjP8SzoMTFY3em6i97kURdw5yVRo7GDbgLq24cObgd7hm/s400/Iberia+in+the+west.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361450824055546162" border="0" /></a><br />Iberia in the west.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIcXQpvzn2ns9ziYgHZFmUIHBEFlEGHumQHTh9wBLvXtCRhwUspm8-1K588BrvqV_mSjJBzbzWTstTaGPg7CWaA5DSxQ_VtDjConyX1hxfUmzCqXUer5afKLOGI-NapB-JQ_XdWvpZcElT/s1600-h/roma.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIcXQpvzn2ns9ziYgHZFmUIHBEFlEGHumQHTh9wBLvXtCRhwUspm8-1K588BrvqV_mSjJBzbzWTstTaGPg7CWaA5DSxQ_VtDjConyX1hxfUmzCqXUer5afKLOGI-NapB-JQ_XdWvpZcElT/s400/roma.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361451535227003282" border="0" /></a><br />Roma and surrounding areas.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOzEwzePDBWvI97KV1LaV8jClzMNw2ICiIhew0_XfKln6Z2VqplB8FoazpouYsUc9BovH1VXLxm8jsxC09ob9Vkr54k_quyKyKAfWTPqhiUPISwPUFEw1NUqQrlYQChjUFDovn5QGEOHiK/s1600-h/greece.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 217px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOzEwzePDBWvI97KV1LaV8jClzMNw2ICiIhew0_XfKln6Z2VqplB8FoazpouYsUc9BovH1VXLxm8jsxC09ob9Vkr54k_quyKyKAfWTPqhiUPISwPUFEw1NUqQrlYQChjUFDovn5QGEOHiK/s400/greece.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361451408598745682" border="0" /></a><br />Greek areas.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJbdAvzKCGdP_6tgauqQQgr3CvmSVc6775lJw_yNhUECnhLfZIbPtLmlGOuMGhxxJMaY2KswwIGzJv8L46H6mmju2gTnbhFENa1jcDZvDxiYyN76srHeaUAEiZzn5Yj9BKkWFh9KLEzGFe/s1600-h/middle+east.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJbdAvzKCGdP_6tgauqQQgr3CvmSVc6775lJw_yNhUECnhLfZIbPtLmlGOuMGhxxJMaY2KswwIGzJv8L46H6mmju2gTnbhFENa1jcDZvDxiYyN76srHeaUAEiZzn5Yj9BKkWFh9KLEzGFe/s400/middle+east.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361451209873950226" border="0" /></a><br />Middle Eastern areas.<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRFdyY8MQxSkC02kGKmKg_8G6pRgVd6jgV9oY6YmN4lhXmPm6wX8dMJbG0EJj5eDchGbkI5zDpWjdvksk0NFJp_grkqmqFtBjirUxiM1JQEkFhdoqd_ts_Y2mUPkdg2c5BTfG6sNqN7q7g/s1600-h/mesopotamian+areas.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 215px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRFdyY8MQxSkC02kGKmKg_8G6pRgVd6jgV9oY6YmN4lhXmPm6wX8dMJbG0EJj5eDchGbkI5zDpWjdvksk0NFJp_grkqmqFtBjirUxiM1JQEkFhdoqd_ts_Y2mUPkdg2c5BTfG6sNqN7q7g/s400/mesopotamian+areas.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361451087766983826" border="0" /></a><br />Mesopotamian areas.<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCLTPbEk9ZfumKPhLm15B7MkR6QKTg4wnPpglIeD9JPoOmqxOBJ04sWOOoWvDvFY-wt9-4OWdjIgL0iNfYcjxfD3uGeLUuJUCTkK1ZSGgpbRAtF0A6UbdBVm7jMx9NhXNNdq7JcZ2i5o4/s1600-h/india+in+the+east.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 219px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWCLTPbEk9ZfumKPhLm15B7MkR6QKTg4wnPpglIeD9JPoOmqxOBJ04sWOOoWvDvFY-wt9-4OWdjIgL0iNfYcjxfD3uGeLUuJUCTkK1ZSGgpbRAtF0A6UbdBVm7jMx9NhXNNdq7JcZ2i5o4/s400/india+in+the+east.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361450989984217602" border="0" /></a><br />India in the east.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-65383973818980977192009-07-11T15:29:00.029+02:002010-04-25T10:11:26.082+02:00Stupas, Linga, Mound stupas and Worship<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6zxn-ycGLVgeRaARc8DEEX0y3F9KciNEpOkRQcDAzWH7Owaz4ZppO9Qd0nIjReY3iSwg5x8PZ2L4ZXOWB7E9MJbcrA_8B-gNVEq6ptHaOy62-SM8Mazqx_ftI_l-b0v5vj1kR3K511wIC/s1600-h/1724+picart+sacred+worshipping+place+of+the+Nordic+Sami.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5357210419888592098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6zxn-ycGLVgeRaARc8DEEX0y3F9KciNEpOkRQcDAzWH7Owaz4ZppO9Qd0nIjReY3iSwg5x8PZ2L4ZXOWB7E9MJbcrA_8B-gNVEq6ptHaOy62-SM8Mazqx_ftI_l-b0v5vj1kR3K511wIC/s400/1724+picart+sacred+worshipping+place+of+the+Nordic+Sami.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 247px;" /></a> A sacred worshiping place of the Nordic Sami people with a Sacred or holy tree and a Stupa-resembling statue on a tumulus. They are praying and talking under this tree. The same source as the next two pictures.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4SK5cpSL9CLo1EBdorRwtScwZKTlw-KBJ4sKWAjjysHF7MZ8IXnjNPoNxo1aePOkXDGgxnUxALkSdATnaljDjP_bdWI7deSHhOqe1VEjZ_MYZIF_FR_G_hXMXcRKsnShiS1FY4dIqLT8/s1600-h/Sami+people+worship+of+statues+on+mounds+Picart+1724.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5357207096713154866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4SK5cpSL9CLo1EBdorRwtScwZKTlw-KBJ4sKWAjjysHF7MZ8IXnjNPoNxo1aePOkXDGgxnUxALkSdATnaljDjP_bdWI7deSHhOqe1VEjZ_MYZIF_FR_G_hXMXcRKsnShiS1FY4dIqLT8/s400/Sami+people+worship+of+statues+on+mounds+Picart+1724.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Laplander people of the Nordic worshiping a fertility Goddess called “Wirku Accha” depicted with a statue resembling a Stupa placed on a tumulus mound. A copper plate made by the Christian author and artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Picart" target="_blank">Bernard Picart</a> in the 1600eds to early 1700eds, this particular picture was published in 1725 in the French edition of “The ceremonies and religious customs of the various nations” or ”Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde”. His pictures are some of the scarce ilustrated documentation that is left about the ancient pre-Christian Nordic religion. As mentioned earlier the Sami people preserved parts of the old culture of the ancient Nordic Goths. Colonizing Christians have since the the early 1500s destructed or redefined much of the ancient religion and its manifestations in the Nordic.<br /><br />The engravings of Picart were based on observations done by others and some of his pictures seem to somewhat <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/picart/picart.html" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">ridicule worshipers of other religions</a>. Picart was a christian.<br /><br />Take a closer look at the illustrations in the book by Bernard Picart, how he illustrates religious practices around the world, including Buddhism in Asia and from the Nordic areas. The Laplanders had from early on merged with the ancient Goths that migrated to these areas: <a href="http://zoe.ats.ucla.edu/Picart/Picart,%20Ceremonies%20et%20Coutumes.%20Volume%204%20Image%20Index.html" target="_blank">Ceremonies et Coutumes. Volume 4 Image Index, 1729</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhemivhIBjV0klxeetRceknw19dJD4ksQsulffmjQ-rJiUK_IlBAuwcyW-iiTdN0dEx_EceeKhjFAtuZsfnIKOAOK505-2OBNhMdyypWriwStmpvfs4QzoE-Ocd7jC6dptejks0nPTwkpWK/s1600-h/1724+picart+the++Nordic+Sami+worship+statue+on+mound.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5357195693147198498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhemivhIBjV0klxeetRceknw19dJD4ksQsulffmjQ-rJiUK_IlBAuwcyW-iiTdN0dEx_EceeKhjFAtuZsfnIKOAOK505-2OBNhMdyypWriwStmpvfs4QzoE-Ocd7jC6dptejks0nPTwkpWK/s400/1724+picart+the++Nordic+Sami+worship+statue+on+mound.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 297px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br /><center><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Buddhist Mini Stupas and Shiva Linga, Lingam or Lingum and Nordic Phallus Stones</span></span></center><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-z779VVeSBOEYlqE85En6D1nTZzLnFjSonfwMi4UI0irXge1r93XvOd1k034OD1Gt01AumnYsNAIluoU-fdiqGJtkcLUGR2BDW5Gm2Dmio7lVn10e2cArE8cq3iVsevLd29PSs41qs0H2/s1600-h/StupaCircumDevotees+gandhara+photo+by+PHGCOM+2006.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343431004645887218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-z779VVeSBOEYlqE85En6D1nTZzLnFjSonfwMi4UI0irXge1r93XvOd1k034OD1Gt01AumnYsNAIluoU-fdiqGJtkcLUGR2BDW5Gm2Dmio7lVn10e2cArE8cq3iVsevLd29PSs41qs0H2/s400/StupaCircumDevotees+gandhara+photo+by+PHGCOM+2006.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 260px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;">Indo - Greek Stupa Circum in Gandhara, present Pakistan. Photo by PHGCOM, 2006.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQODLgMjru76_hkip5tcU5m0GDEaNY1kZI8dXIE5N-ntk8lPNuedRJYSzdhGtb0n5FM81K5RKs0YbL2aHlW0R2_eSnU4APLRDtSHHFq7lA5lbTuIjhpCXtjInAr46DlgTiLdIxE3235MXz/s1600-h/D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus+-+Kopi.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343431604374393378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQODLgMjru76_hkip5tcU5m0GDEaNY1kZI8dXIE5N-ntk8lPNuedRJYSzdhGtb0n5FM81K5RKs0YbL2aHlW0R2_eSnU4APLRDtSHHFq7lA5lbTuIjhpCXtjInAr46DlgTiLdIxE3235MXz/s400/D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus+-+Kopi.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 267px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>A Marble stone at Glein, Dønna in Nordland, Norway that is dated to about 400 CE. They must have imported marble to Norway, an indication about the importance of this stone in the heathen Nordic religion. It is placed on top of a tumulus (Vardehaugen or Valhaugen) and was found in relation to a complex of mound graves. It is interpreted as a phallus symbol that was used for religious purposes (offerings). See <a href="http://www.love.is/roald/vikingtid.htm" target="_blank">Valhaugen mound and stone</a> in the two last photos in the linked site. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Is the so-called "marble phallus" at Dønna remains of a mini stupa?</span><br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWS7sA2HxBNMOEW8pDNN9IyIgfpyMs9zYL640-pH89vA8J1kR3VFa_I5lpvRCG4L8eFG9qmv5Bjk7CYKRg-Y8GFV774IIWBbl2YYB4j1NHz_zNJIoA4m57Ow0zkS8CD9EV1QfydUvwJ_A/s1600-h/Stupa+India+from+Tope+at+Manikyala,+dated+to+the+18th+year+of+Kanishka+127+AD+-+151+AD.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343429398811953890" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJWS7sA2HxBNMOEW8pDNN9IyIgfpyMs9zYL640-pH89vA8J1kR3VFa_I5lpvRCG4L8eFG9qmv5Bjk7CYKRg-Y8GFV774IIWBbl2YYB4j1NHz_zNJIoA4m57Ow0zkS8CD9EV1QfydUvwJ_A/s200/Stupa+India+from+Tope+at+Manikyala,+dated+to+the+18th+year+of+Kanishka+127+AD+-+151+AD.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 200px; width: 98px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnh4AUUtd3R8EyENqmvh26Tzq_OTiVV_ekTrX9C14ch5ZIM7QwWMkZny5_nh_TCHN8TJBnoyMOH50T84DbCgOLE_maO0Tez4sCj8cAGK4AH1O3tpQRR6Ka1TLxVXIwTL0MA9tsRGb4xxC/s1600-h/Sirka+decorated+with+Acanthus+leaves.+Sirkap,+Pakistan,+3rd+stratum,+1st+century+BCE.+Photo+by+user+PHGCOM+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343429207088861378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnh4AUUtd3R8EyENqmvh26Tzq_OTiVV_ekTrX9C14ch5ZIM7QwWMkZny5_nh_TCHN8TJBnoyMOH50T84DbCgOLE_maO0Tez4sCj8cAGK4AH1O3tpQRR6Ka1TLxVXIwTL0MA9tsRGb4xxC/s200/Sirka+decorated+with+Acanthus+leaves.+Sirkap,+Pakistan,+3rd+stratum,+1st+century+BCE.+Photo+by+user+PHGCOM+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 200px; width: 133px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH_OGm-mEaHrAGJFKsn7RyKDf3YmBl_K84FnY5QJVIuAabxoir4Y5iAVd0xPWIWBg7VvKDS1nsxtnYsrFCrU_lCZZwrIfYVc5WyOTWkuWcF42n07E19UjjZtxrOSDvfYKa_Uv0CoB9xvB_/s1600-h/Kanheri-stupa+in+Bombay+or+Munbay,+by+Nichalp,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343429010988950018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH_OGm-mEaHrAGJFKsn7RyKDf3YmBl_K84FnY5QJVIuAabxoir4Y5iAVd0xPWIWBg7VvKDS1nsxtnYsrFCrU_lCZZwrIfYVc5WyOTWkuWcF42n07E19UjjZtxrOSDvfYKa_Uv0CoB9xvB_/s200/Kanheri-stupa+in+Bombay+or+Munbay,+by+Nichalp,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 200px; width: 143px;" /></a></center><span style="font-size:78%;">1) Mini Stupa India from Tope at Manikyala, dated to the 18th year of Kanishka 127 AD - 151 CE. 2) Sirka with Acanthus leaves. Sirkap, Pakistan, 1st century BCE, by user PHGCOM 2007. 3) Kanheri-stupa in Bombay or Munbay, by Nichalp, 2005.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88605/caitya" target="_blank">Caitya</a> is a sacred place or object and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" target="_blank">Stupa</a> is included in the concept. Stupas are holy places were Buddha is worshiped, containing remains of Buddha or a saint. The larger Asian Stupas often have mound like forms, some are smaller mini Stupas like in the photos and while other have a tall tower structural form such as wooden temples and pagodas.<br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObzzcxWRxxI8b9w7xDwsBYDVVQAuV7OQzKA3oXzhMGcVV4UN_lfWRlGTeqrdeKQBgx4XL9pY-RfXPPsHp_YYD8aXFO3v9OM_lKzRvwfV-FbTpeoXUebXFvpQ6AErFXf0qAFJOa3eNdFls/s1600-h/Swayambhunath_mini_stupas+Mini+stupas+next+to+the+main+stupa+in+Nepal+by+Markus+Koljonen,+2008.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343430076971152578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgObzzcxWRxxI8b9w7xDwsBYDVVQAuV7OQzKA3oXzhMGcVV4UN_lfWRlGTeqrdeKQBgx4XL9pY-RfXPPsHp_YYD8aXFO3v9OM_lKzRvwfV-FbTpeoXUebXFvpQ6AErFXf0qAFJOa3eNdFls/s200/Swayambhunath_mini_stupas+Mini+stupas+next+to+the+main+stupa+in+Nepal+by+Markus+Koljonen,+2008.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 123px; width: 120px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXBDT4dgimyKE7CyvKswzdb8aVU16o6siY-YRdJQ5DtWm6FNh7Eqoq3YZSE0wXMnocGMSE-AW7k9EsGPLbg5U4pAPh85r9XzbgAvZqQpMlOBqVhgtD8PN2GbTJqIfkGmBdb2-h0q3MYPO/s1600-h/Kanheri+stupa-+Bombay+photo+by+Nichalp,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343429844564514674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXBDT4dgimyKE7CyvKswzdb8aVU16o6siY-YRdJQ5DtWm6FNh7Eqoq3YZSE0wXMnocGMSE-AW7k9EsGPLbg5U4pAPh85r9XzbgAvZqQpMlOBqVhgtD8PN2GbTJqIfkGmBdb2-h0q3MYPO/s200/Kanheri+stupa-+Bombay+photo+by+Nichalp,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 123px; width: 118px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPk0hi6EU4mk9wHTeOXYP_Y_Yr7ptEqtDHl3EZxPAaRl6iNHSobhh-gn0eZzMhWeFrh-B4ZVaSCEX5BvgvjzsD3timsC9p0vbM6QXzNyiYt6UEzBBVZ3XZ9vIZpbQ4yutsBsEcIzMyIVQP/s1600-h/Alchi+Choskhor.+Ladakh,+Jammu+Kashmir,+India+Public+domain.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343429688113404626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPk0hi6EU4mk9wHTeOXYP_Y_Yr7ptEqtDHl3EZxPAaRl6iNHSobhh-gn0eZzMhWeFrh-B4ZVaSCEX5BvgvjzsD3timsC9p0vbM6QXzNyiYt6UEzBBVZ3XZ9vIZpbQ4yutsBsEcIzMyIVQP/s200/Alchi+Choskhor.+Ladakh,+Jammu+Kashmir,+India+Public+domain.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 123px; width: 114px;" /></a></center><span style="font-size:78%;">1) Swayambhunath mini stupas next to the main stupa in Nepal, photo by Markus Koljonen, 2008. 2) Kanheri stupa in Bombay, photo by Nichalp, 2005. 3) Alchi Choskhor. Ladakh, Jammu-Kashmir, in India.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdDeav9_2v2obuYDnVwSTkcEwJtw_Qslw9hsEt95vt8-uLjIC0gphQ-R9Khs_BQMox932PNHBbAAN8IDxqVMtu3IT2xdPGiCPm2M4Uor17QCMQiFdFA0jAOPxltquKheiVjNBB7J2kboD/s1600-h/Taxila+coin.+2nd+century+BCE.+British+Museum.+Personal+photograph+2005.+photo+by+PHGCOM+2007.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346681056540960466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDdDeav9_2v2obuYDnVwSTkcEwJtw_Qslw9hsEt95vt8-uLjIC0gphQ-R9Khs_BQMox932PNHBbAAN8IDxqVMtu3IT2xdPGiCPm2M4Uor17QCMQiFdFA0jAOPxltquKheiVjNBB7J2kboD/s400/Taxila+coin.+2nd+century+BCE.+British+Museum.+Personal+photograph+2005.+photo+by+PHGCOM+2007.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 350px;" /></a> Taxila coin from the 2nd century BCE. British Museum. Photo by PHGCOM, 2007. Taxila is in present Pakistan.<br /><br /><a href="http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/taxila.html" target="_blank">“Taxila is an archaeological site containing the ruins of the Gandhâran city of Takshashila, an important Vedic/Hindu and Buddhist centre of learning from the 6th century BCE to the 5th century CE.”</a> (end of quote from the linked World Heritage site).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihF_yUaXEpSaDTxzQ__7LXMhISwzTpbmIB8Uf1RrmzSjWJ3TkF24UqtWe2_YiJXKlDlFe15PG0cSGxUIuvW7IJWE9FOyoFEhEMK_ZSzjmDZdmPJqr5eeg2uA8pZTGCrNEwTI1OnHKSTh8g/s1600-h/798px-SirkapRoundStupa+public+domain+photo.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343437213163271106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihF_yUaXEpSaDTxzQ__7LXMhISwzTpbmIB8Uf1RrmzSjWJ3TkF24UqtWe2_YiJXKlDlFe15PG0cSGxUIuvW7IJWE9FOyoFEhEMK_ZSzjmDZdmPJqr5eeg2uA8pZTGCrNEwTI1OnHKSTh8g/s400/798px-SirkapRoundStupa+public+domain+photo.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 301px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;">A mini stupa in Sirkap, Taxila, Gandhara. 1 st Century BCE to 1 Century CE.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglCZZ46tiDauIpscjggvu8egMDB79Ft2_qbOFEBjpGemlVFBOHrseMs5SJ_yh-Hfhm73u4VnOxqoWqN2NMBG2gTXA0GvOKaZYcagOBUgxu-D6LdtWAoMhrVxcb1zIMKPGNEoZCXcGAl82i/s1600-h/Stupa+no.+3,+Sanchi.+India.+Photo+by+Ekabhishek,+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346694020946527346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglCZZ46tiDauIpscjggvu8egMDB79Ft2_qbOFEBjpGemlVFBOHrseMs5SJ_yh-Hfhm73u4VnOxqoWqN2NMBG2gTXA0GvOKaZYcagOBUgxu-D6LdtWAoMhrVxcb1zIMKPGNEoZCXcGAl82i/s400/Stupa+no.+3,+Sanchi.+India.+Photo+by+Ekabhishek,+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Stupa no. 3, Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh, India. Photo by Ekabhishek, 2007. <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/sanchi.htm" target="_blank">Stupa number 3</a> is from about the middle of 2nd century BCE.<br /><br /><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravhaug" target="_blank">Burial Mounds</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" target="_blank">Tumulus</a> in the Nordic areas compared to Ancient Asian Stupas:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSfKiOh3uCkzQUn7Gq65RCRpnqHWK7UNRvu5IYBX023Ru7mL-VWC1U89agOYt2aP8YH64QOX7SdejnCoWBUBdoiRoarrhTnUkrvDaoxZs257W1dAEVBGW_-gUhxDD5djkG4ItksdGhny2O/s1600-h/Suecia_Gambla_Ubsala_h%C3%B6gar+sweden+public.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343720175095242482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSfKiOh3uCkzQUn7Gq65RCRpnqHWK7UNRvu5IYBX023Ru7mL-VWC1U89agOYt2aP8YH64QOX7SdejnCoWBUBdoiRoarrhTnUkrvDaoxZs257W1dAEVBGW_-gUhxDD5djkG4ItksdGhny2O/s400/Suecia_Gambla_Ubsala_h%C3%B6gar+sweden+public.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 154px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Iron Age Mound graves in Gambla Ubsala, i.e. Gamla Uppsala, Sweden.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">"Burial Mounds" in Norway:<br /></span></strong><br /><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Gravhauge1.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Karmøy</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKFdMUuqLs4kUghestJHEHArH6I0jNFHBsb2zf7nT8NBdVsvtrCk5Yiq-pUPNp3T93zZsywbkEh1NZid4_vl-4-bgkco9pZSiZfCJh6mzY-2KZDKdzbfL3KnHuTDb3JP7G5IHhDySIvvn1/s1600-h/Gravhaug+Burial+mound+in+Karm%C3%B8y,+photo+by+Christian+Bickel,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345979810864045442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKFdMUuqLs4kUghestJHEHArH6I0jNFHBsb2zf7nT8NBdVsvtrCk5Yiq-pUPNp3T93zZsywbkEh1NZid4_vl-4-bgkco9pZSiZfCJh6mzY-2KZDKdzbfL3KnHuTDb3JP7G5IHhDySIvvn1/s400/Gravhaug+Burial+mound+in+Karm%C3%B8y,+photo+by+Christian+Bickel,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Gravhaug Burial mound in Karmøy, Norway, photo by Christian Bickel, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Oseberghaugen.JPG" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Oseberg</a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGSrQdbCJQf0DvS87a09X0qoAkpkX8_CSLOZXAFQActQ72wDZmc6oibPhoMq_vRcl_mJOlp4Z58WBRFNiL81lYfLx5ExoyAp2AoKW6EGaQfpJqCHUpQ_2BrSE9Lo0o0QZg9SdI5kdbg73i/s1600-h/Oseberghaugen+norway,+photo+by+Hallvard+Straume,+2005.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345979330861866562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGSrQdbCJQf0DvS87a09X0qoAkpkX8_CSLOZXAFQActQ72wDZmc6oibPhoMq_vRcl_mJOlp4Z58WBRFNiL81lYfLx5ExoyAp2AoKW6EGaQfpJqCHUpQ_2BrSE9Lo0o0QZg9SdI5kdbg73i/s400/Oseberghaugen+norway,+photo+by+Hallvard+Straume,+2005.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 167px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Oseberghaugen in Vestfold county of Norway, photo by Hallvard Strauma, 2005<br /><br /><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Karnils_tumulus_-_westview.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Gloppen</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/solhverv.htm" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Karnilshaugen, Gloppen</a><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Burial mounds in Sweden</span></strong><br /><br /><center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345822461644482530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpCg3oJsDVUyKfVrQDqRl0L1howIXDbFuo8bh426XWkIktxwxJARKCGgw8GXIT54a68o8Gnbjmr6I9mptc04eJ0HptoWVV31LH-WS-sNsYPMbI79asscaB2YmtMPtCNceAxAvo3dLVYW-I/s400/Skalunda_gravh%C3%B6g+by+Wigulf+2006.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 268px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></center><a href="http://wadbring.com/historia/undersidor/skalunda.htm" target="_blank">Skalundahögen in Västergotland, Sweden</a> It is told in this website that this tumulus is still not checked by archaeologists.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalunda" target="_blank">Skalunda burial mound from Iron Age, about 600 CE</a></span><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anundsh%C3%B6g" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Anundshög</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inglinge_Hog_a_burial_mound_%28150424061%29.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Inglinge Hog a burial mound</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala_sunset.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Uppsala</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_Burial_Mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala_126991017.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">More from Gamla Uppsala</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gravh%C3%B6g_G%C3%A5rdst%C3%A5nga.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Gravhög Gårdstånga</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haga_0309_004.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Haga</a><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Burial Mounds in Denmark </span></strong><br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sQ5ptSjeWNZQXIoylBYRjV_KSS_N3tubYPSacdRWl1L1mgh1zKK5Mv7V4RKSNqbTzvaCQwcq7N5VB50GSAQ-PFFWaauMzPurjjSYy-gz-hU19HrMEyGDcqKJmF7GadWrEewsCdB9C12k/s1600-h/Mysselhoj_da+Mysselh%C3%B8j,+a+danish+gravemound+from+the+early+bronze+age+situated+close+to+the+danish+town+Roskilde.+photo+by+J%C3%B8rgen+Larsen,+Ultramand+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345977853792449730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-sQ5ptSjeWNZQXIoylBYRjV_KSS_N3tubYPSacdRWl1L1mgh1zKK5Mv7V4RKSNqbTzvaCQwcq7N5VB50GSAQ-PFFWaauMzPurjjSYy-gz-hU19HrMEyGDcqKJmF7GadWrEewsCdB9C12k/s200/Mysselhoj_da+Mysselh%C3%B8j,+a+danish+gravemound+from+the+early+bronze+age+situated+close+to+the+danish+town+Roskilde.+photo+by+J%C3%B8rgen+Larsen,+Ultramand+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 119px; width: 179px;" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLrp3boqTHwR-t6Nsp40ZKoDWYmrHdeDa3xgg4hxxi7uI_M0Ab4GUVdL0N2XRHbwInYOzANW_wRIeCtqgpgR9hHoZo_E-7yEA0-oMoFYFwpswjHA609VXJz5yJ8WcZ6iuo66AQ0BoXSExZ/s1600-h/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je,_den_29_april_2008,+Lindholm+H%C3%B8je+is+a+burial+place+in+North+Jutland+from+the+Iron+and+the+Viking+Age,+photo+by+V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6ten+2008.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345977744470890466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLrp3boqTHwR-t6Nsp40ZKoDWYmrHdeDa3xgg4hxxi7uI_M0Ab4GUVdL0N2XRHbwInYOzANW_wRIeCtqgpgR9hHoZo_E-7yEA0-oMoFYFwpswjHA609VXJz5yJ8WcZ6iuo66AQ0BoXSExZ/s200/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je,_den_29_april_2008,+Lindholm+H%C3%B8je+is+a+burial+place+in+North+Jutland+from+the+Iron+and+the+Viking+Age,+photo+by+V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6ten+2008.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 119px; width: 160px;" /></a></center>1) Mysselhøj, a danish mound close to the danish town Roskilde, photo by Jørgen Larsen, Ultramand 2007. 2) Lindholm Høje is a burial place in North Jutland from the Iron and the Viking Age, photo by Västgöten, 2008.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ljhou_C5lTZ3Yz88NylcWHfAd2U5QptQe3_uLS6QmDybda57vBoHDik9CoEAW_HzCg_O5oSGX1EmvEyIy3mzS4k_JhP1Tt_sOJnLfmXqAwR9FyT0nUGZmYwSuZtpCOlYkksg2QTztrvd/s1600-h/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow+denmark+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343720020260742578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ljhou_C5lTZ3Yz88NylcWHfAd2U5QptQe3_uLS6QmDybda57vBoHDik9CoEAW_HzCg_O5oSGX1EmvEyIy3mzS4k_JhP1Tt_sOJnLfmXqAwR9FyT0nUGZmYwSuZtpCOlYkksg2QTztrvd/s400/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow+denmark+public.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 174px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;">Grave Mound in Klekkende Høj, Denmark.</span><span style="font-size:78%;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:xx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">The Tumulus mounds of the Ancient Romans</span></b> <center><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYWtH3J5ONpP-AD6YO3jJmZ66sgtVF5K8Wi8r1gP-UQbnCmUmbAc2bbAgmGG3uiPCtW5qAp7G8GHkRno75ks-AIJYPRxgrMoTtlLueQCURUNpKcfN1864TTkppLhMi1oGXZCznF8USsJD/s1600/Populonia_tumulo%20%20Italy.%20Tumulo%20mound,%20etruscan%20tomb,%20known%20as%20tomba%20dei%20carri.%20public.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYWtH3J5ONpP-AD6YO3jJmZ66sgtVF5K8Wi8r1gP-UQbnCmUmbAc2bbAgmGG3uiPCtW5qAp7G8GHkRno75ks-AIJYPRxgrMoTtlLueQCURUNpKcfN1864TTkppLhMi1oGXZCznF8USsJD/s320/Populonia_tumulo%20%20Italy.%20Tumulo%20mound,%20etruscan%20tomb,%20known%20as%20tomba%20dei%20carri.%20public.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></center> Populonia tumulo in Italy. Tumulo or Tumulus mound, Etruscan tomb, known as "Tomba dei carri".<br /><center><div style="text-align: auto;"><div style="text-align: auto;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-PUR87RLnWy8dP_DTHr6knpR0hiqZcYJZdBLbucY5IrgYAbsnr6JGn80zm-ZE6pTRxQps6qy59GNrXazjZHY59LV64Mdil3tTT9TvC5p9YQTJ5LwjTAQETPBTCNwq6783RXTNkJU1FSY/s1600/Funeral+tumulus+of+the+Ahtenians+in+Marathon+battle+in+Greece.+Photo+by+Dgcampos,+2008.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF-PUR87RLnWy8dP_DTHr6knpR0hiqZcYJZdBLbucY5IrgYAbsnr6JGn80zm-ZE6pTRxQps6qy59GNrXazjZHY59LV64Mdil3tTT9TvC5p9YQTJ5LwjTAQETPBTCNwq6783RXTNkJU1FSY/s400/Funeral+tumulus+of+the+Ahtenians+in+Marathon+battle+in+Greece.+Photo+by+Dgcampos,+2008.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></center> Ancient Greek Tumulus Mound. Funeral tumulus of the Ahtenians in Marathon battle in Greece. Photo by Dgcampos, 2008.<br /><br /><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafheuvel" target="_blank"">Roman tumulus graves</a> spread all over Europe: Nordic areas, Russia, Belgium, France, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, England, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Greece. Tumulus is the Roman name for these kinds of mound graves. My hypothesis is that the ancient Romans had a close connection to the Indo-Greek culture of Asia and with some kind of Sun worship and eventually early Buddhism. It is important to remember that the dating of these ancient findings most of the time is controversial. For those interested in reading about the Roman Empire and the fall of the Roman Empire there are free downloadable books from the 18th century available online:<br /><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/historydeclinea44gibbgoog" target="_blank"">The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire</a> by Edward Gibbon. This is Volume 2. There should be at least 6 volumes that was published between 1776-1789. <br /><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Some of many ancient Stupas (and remains of Stupas) in India and present Pakistan:</span></span></b><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIa4_DmiZEefpoMULtPf_gIzhMqMGG4OitmgqLr39aC5brD6nJq-Q_I_VLmovO5iX-aSLD7IEwXYkcNM9vXo75sWiUDdIYpCAQ6N4XXqfkI8CC3K64jfPMQc-hFfkUPRckJrGVw0zZNVrY/s1600-h/Deorkothar+stupa+in+India.+Photo+by+LRBurdak,+2006.+Wikimedia.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343719844308555698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIa4_DmiZEefpoMULtPf_gIzhMqMGG4OitmgqLr39aC5brD6nJq-Q_I_VLmovO5iX-aSLD7IEwXYkcNM9vXo75sWiUDdIYpCAQ6N4XXqfkI8CC3K64jfPMQc-hFfkUPRckJrGVw0zZNVrY/s400/Deorkothar+stupa+in+India.+Photo+by+LRBurdak,+2006.+Wikimedia.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 248px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:78%;">Deorkothar stupa in India. Photo by LRBurdak, 2006. Wikimedia</span><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deur_Kothar" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Stupas at Deur Kothar</a> in Madhya Pradesh, India.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Remains of a Kanishka stupa</a> in Peshawar.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Butkara Stupa</a> in the Swat valley.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmarajika" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Dharmarajika stupa</a> in Taxila.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamek_Stupa" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Dhamek Stupa</a> Varnath, near Varanasi in India.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU73pXimK_ULKCUyoEl2xV_XT4kqSMiZAP_miBMCW29LXx_Q6gW_UOOnno6p5fT2cBi045eFKKt8BHAHWrPM_6sjYsY8jnFT6vPB-oCUKwDNwWDEiC5L8IVl6Bzus0qfcCzDXPSv964a8G/s1600/4121153818_e6ec8d98fc_o%5B1%5D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409094914337578786" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU73pXimK_ULKCUyoEl2xV_XT4kqSMiZAP_miBMCW29LXx_Q6gW_UOOnno6p5fT2cBi045eFKKt8BHAHWrPM_6sjYsY8jnFT6vPB-oCUKwDNwWDEiC5L8IVl6Bzus0qfcCzDXPSv964a8G/s400/4121153818_e6ec8d98fc_o%5B1%5D.jpg" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 372px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;">Buddhist Stupa Mound Tope near Baramulla Jammu Kashmir 1868. The stupa, which was later excavated, dates to 500 CE. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_tope_baramula1868.jpg" target="_blank">More about the Stupa in Summary</a><br /><br /><center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343434449356083330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4I9aAWH14aYH0F9YKLz_mVxhmJPWuptA867tnSdHN5awspa7Sl1Oc8m-K-1Ym2MxIWha2usXFwn3mXmAzwakjjn1y2eE0D1VhwoVc0eKKhe1741HoohBo6M7P-G5oOxTKisIBS2-u5bFc/s320/Lingam+et+de+yoni.+photo+by+nataraja+2003.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 320px; width: 290px;" /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6GgmR4gnOX08X407hJQ2bkdmF-3ym-_S-l2gzn3OEaY4KR4nn7KP9Jecp1I0agslzFw7oDd3E_7AVsn1yOtPzw_iC3cCzUygeGbSDj_O-fGdul3dTMwD4e1AeQoy0gZ_ZT_Rj709sVBJS/s1600-h/Linga+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"></a></center><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">A Lingam et de yoni, a photo by nataraja, 2003.</span><br /><br /><center style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam" target="_blank">Phallus stones in Indian shaivism</a></span></center><br /><br /><center><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.eshiusa.org/Articles/Sarasvati.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">A Siva linga in Kailash, Himalaya</a></span> (Page 5, Plate X)<br />(MS Vats, 1940, Excavations at Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta).</center><br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih8ozzW0pG8725rdiXUvVHI4rXq_NYtWvff1RkNkDvznDgR79dzclkBwqcag4Fb_bwkbKE1YpLI8ATxBdHYOsmKolghbplOSgi_6fwK6v-EYn_TPQWySi3G51uVvHWbt-lPmWMLV1RiCvm/s1600-h/Sacred+Stone+Norway+dated+to+200+-+600+CE+Historisk+Museum+Oslo+fortid.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343432251771370002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih8ozzW0pG8725rdiXUvVHI4rXq_NYtWvff1RkNkDvznDgR79dzclkBwqcag4Fb_bwkbKE1YpLI8ATxBdHYOsmKolghbplOSgi_6fwK6v-EYn_TPQWySi3G51uVvHWbt-lPmWMLV1RiCvm/s320/Sacred+Stone+Norway+dated+to+200+-+600+CE+Historisk+Museum+Oslo+fortid.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 320px; width: 246px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh53-8nl2DJ6JoMzb-eMSnGkMJtz2iA3siJZWO2l7MmBDonH9iuIOYEmIWsxzp2kAORYkmUWCjlp0zUjONqmn-bqCxgryWQZ4-Q0U2SJL_Dc_YkZtbs3VBcIMb_kLg3q14_549_Np65jXNV/s1600-h/Sacred+Stone+Norway+dated+to+200+-+600+CE+Historisk+Museum+Oslo.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"> </a></center><br />One of many examples of Phallus stones from Iron Age Norway. This particular one is exhibited at the History Museum in Oslo. More photos of sacred white phallus stones from Iron Age Norway can be seen in the following two sites (Norwegian language): <a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/hvitestener.htm" target="_blank">Sacred white stones in Norway 1</a> and <a href="http://arkeologi.blogspot.com/2005/12/steinfallosene-i-jernalderen.html" target="_blank">Sacred white stones in Norway 2</a>.<br /><br /><center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd8-3WNja4Cc-asZfoQRHhtcJ1W97OakGfyvuqvTBUZsjtf-sYuprxRbD1tZMsuZzig-6n9wsJWe0vMwT4KNLI3T5g28N8jdsxAkhuSJ7mLZtHnzQNQyfbZkOn_6mbbkznCjuBR6cjEbNw/s1600-h/108shivalingas+free+use.+Photo+by+focal+point,+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343437065354773442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd8-3WNja4Cc-asZfoQRHhtcJ1W97OakGfyvuqvTBUZsjtf-sYuprxRbD1tZMsuZzig-6n9wsJWe0vMwT4KNLI3T5g28N8jdsxAkhuSJ7mLZtHnzQNQyfbZkOn_6mbbkznCjuBR6cjEbNw/s320/108shivalingas+free+use.+Photo+by+focal+point,+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 150px; width: 183px;" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4h7ATFK0G5xNM05XdRE75BJlsmGLoGHFVta1c2n_azHxrG0Pj6OlGv97zU2e7y2s0yGRIYhn-_PqF4KQOYnIyQepFCT_1GXY9Jt-2kb97yoyOnamxR2IFHoobDnNIxmLFegUhR-6kQCnE/s1600-h/800px-Carved_wooden_lingam+Carved+wooden+lingam+totem+in+USA.+Photo+by+Steve+Juvertson+2008+attribution+share.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343436947416866482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4h7ATFK0G5xNM05XdRE75BJlsmGLoGHFVta1c2n_azHxrG0Pj6OlGv97zU2e7y2s0yGRIYhn-_PqF4KQOYnIyQepFCT_1GXY9Jt-2kb97yoyOnamxR2IFHoobDnNIxmLFegUhR-6kQCnE/s320/800px-Carved_wooden_lingam+Carved+wooden+lingam+totem+in+USA.+Photo+by+Steve+Juvertson+2008+attribution+share.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 150px; width: 181px;" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;"></span></center><br />Shiva linga 's photo by focal point, Wikimedia, 2007. Uncertain about the place, likely in Asia. The second photo are Carved wooden lingam totems. Uncertain about the place, but likely in India. Photo by Steve Juvertson 2008, Wikimedia.<br /><br /><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343455816629380530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKPl1IzY_cQ3Q-dLd1uGOE5WpcRBq1OMCQ9tFssa_c1Z_D_ECwPB0PftPX7erLwGSxCEtPXRGxxphKQMaFNckQ77SGEbafCwsaEcvQXxyqvIoLCuGQJVhcLgiEUtFI1-rR9FCpm6gyb0sD/s400/Scheffer+not+copyrighted.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 270px;" /> A wood carved phallus to the upper left is illustrated by Scheffer in the book Lapponica (The History of Lappland) from 1674. In this book the ancient Nordic religion was described, but not in a scientific manner. The Christian priests that wanted to wipe it out described the ancient pagan Nordic religion. The pre-christian religion of the Nordic have been rewritten, redefined and made as incomprehensible as possible particularly after the Lutheran reformation that came from Germany in the early 1500s. You can read more in <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Saamiblog</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-15429471514813737172009-06-22T20:36:00.104+02:002010-08-21T00:28:04.027+02:00Old Mythology in India and the Nordic: Sea Monster, Centaur and Angels<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jmUvT_Dm0r2GDUNwzVwf3fp8mEbwo6XagrVqeccT5vvYI27zY4SFIPUvIlB0e6DehKYOMtUuY5oILkwbJsr-sl_uTxyvUTyQYaa7jcQy3qYJyVJ8zve-nHKr1g3sv3Y2VA3rAq7tQm_j/s1600-h/Lund+-+Cathedral,+southern+Sweden.+Relief+of+an+angel+over+the+entrance+to+the+crypt.+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346016432956394018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jmUvT_Dm0r2GDUNwzVwf3fp8mEbwo6XagrVqeccT5vvYI27zY4SFIPUvIlB0e6DehKYOMtUuY5oILkwbJsr-sl_uTxyvUTyQYaa7jcQy3qYJyVJ8zve-nHKr1g3sv3Y2VA3rAq7tQm_j/s400/Lund+-+Cathedral,+southern+Sweden.+Relief+of+an+angel+over+the+entrance+to+the+crypt.+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> A relief of a figure that is interpreted as an "angel" over the entrance to the <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kryptan,_Lunds_domkyrka,_Svenska_Filmj-journalen_1866.png" target="_blank">crypt</a> holding a scepter or hammer. The crypt belongs to the older part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_Cathedral" target="_blank">Lund Cathedral</a> (founded around 1085) on a pre-christian religious center in Lund, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania" target="_blank">Scania</a>, Southern Sweden. Photo by Wolfgang Sauber, 2007. In this old stone carving there are other important Buddhist symbols, such as: 1) The <a href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/india/images/ellora-caves/resized/jain-column-detail2-c-criswell.jpg" target="_blank">carved fan-shaped palmette</a> Lotus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acroterion" target="_blank">acroterion</a> ornaments under the figure. Similar carvings are found in <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Aurangabad_-_Ajanta_Caves_%2836%29.JPG" target="_blank">Ajanta</a> caves (<a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/" target="_blank">1-2nd century BCE to 5-6 century CE</a>) and in the Jain caves of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves" target="_blank">Ellora</a>. 2) A Scepter which resembles a Buddhist <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ThreeHeadedShivaGandhara2ndCentury.jpg" target="_blank">Shiva</a> Trident. In Sanskrit the trident is called <a href="http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/symbols/trisula.htm" target="_blank">Trisula or Trishula</a>. 3) A ceremonial vase or vessel.<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.buddhistdoor.com/BuddhistArt/LineArt_5_1.html" target="_blank">Buddhist Iconography Identification Guide</a> Attributes e.g. Vase. <br />
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<a href="http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/05_1/sengupta16.htm" target="_blank">Dancer with Magic Bowl</a></center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353126216104848354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1YEcKlhTtxDm0BNFvjUGsi2EUjtsL6DuXmeYIMuykta0oAg_P4fJclrXmHohyGF-CvFr9DEQqXOFnGEN_twArknkj3f9TF6mZXpP6OgEEvq8xvBcWOJr-3iNADgwxXEdgd1YLkTikkmxl/s400/Vessel+found+at+Hedeskoga+in+Skane+Sweden+dated+to+Bronze+Age.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 281px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 335px;" /> A serpent over an Eight-Spooked Wheel ornament on a vessel found at Hedeskoga in Skåne or Scania, Sweden. It is dated to the Bronze Age. The previous blog-post mentioned the important symbols of the eight-spooked wheel and the serpent within ancient Buddhism. <br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOU-Kd2-DjL9S3ustcZQYO8q8HGZQ1d90mbReKPiHQ7C5Hb3L4a1RhZejAHe8qtrHXizTleNTz3EzPaAxlJXkQDaWEfxly3A3mcgURj2mUvUYvYuYN1IrpZMgJwG6IN5zUFGxVAwQ1Rzwz/s1600-h/Religious+iron+age+figure+resembles+an+angel+from+Oppdal,+Trondelag+Norway.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5351237789167521186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOU-Kd2-DjL9S3ustcZQYO8q8HGZQ1d90mbReKPiHQ7C5Hb3L4a1RhZejAHe8qtrHXizTleNTz3EzPaAxlJXkQDaWEfxly3A3mcgURj2mUvUYvYuYN1IrpZMgJwG6IN5zUFGxVAwQ1Rzwz/s320/Religious+iron+age+figure+resembles+an+angel+from+Oppdal,+Trondelag+Norway.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 320px; width: 156px;" /></a> </center>An Iron Age religious figure that resembles an angel found in Oppdal, Trondelag, Norway. Click on the photo. Sometimes these pagan or pre-christian angels were depicted on Sami shaman runic drums e.g. <a href="http://old.no/samidrum/drums/randulf1723c.png" target="_blank">Runic drum</a> from 1723 (Norway). <br />
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The Nordic & Russian Sami people had three saints or angel-figures that represented trinity and sometimes was depicted with wings (Friis, 1871, p. 75-76): Frid Ailek (God of Friday), Lava Ailek or Lavardak (God of Saturday) and Sodnabæivve Ailek (God of Sunday). The saints were described as messengers for the gods Thor (Thunder God), Storjunkare (Freyr fertility God) and Biegg Olmai (the Wind and Storm God) and each delivered prayers to the God. Source: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/lappiskmytholog02friigoog" target="_blank">Lappisk mythologi, eventyr og folkesagn: eventyr og folkesagn (1871)</a> (Danish-Norwegian Language).<br />
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Other Medieval Period relief's from the areas of present Sweden that resembles "Angels" can be seen in the following links from the Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden :<br />
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<center><a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/bild.asp?uid=38188" target="_blank">Visa bild | Sök i samlingarna | Historiska museet</a> </center><br />
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<center><a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/bild.asp?uid=38230" target="_blank">Visa bild | Sök i samlingarna | Historiska museet</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?fid=117372" target="_blank">Visa föremål | Sök i samlingarna | Historiska museet</a></center><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j0RLysoD09-TyROjecv95_MuOGyvGvSk1RHlKvuN3qF5yvOG1tYpMay3rygm9MDJIBg81Rsxb8QM8rFqY-D0D5Qv7L73dpLDHhkkxsuQkonps75z7zR4pr-2b-HeH-UwQyKczHVX_0tm/s1600-h/Angel+ornaments+from+about+1100+CE+at+Lunner+church,+Norway.+Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350805452094838770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j0RLysoD09-TyROjecv95_MuOGyvGvSk1RHlKvuN3qF5yvOG1tYpMay3rygm9MDJIBg81Rsxb8QM8rFqY-D0D5Qv7L73dpLDHhkkxsuQkonps75z7zR4pr-2b-HeH-UwQyKczHVX_0tm/s400/Angel+ornaments+from+about+1100+CE+at+Lunner+church,+Norway.+Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 138px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> This schist from Norway is a winged figure ornament resembling an "Atlant" or "Angel" found at Lunner church dates to about 1100 CE (to a period when pagan religion still was practiced in Norway) . Photo by John Erling Blad, 2005. Pay attention to the turban on it's head and compare it with the following ancient angel-alike figure from the India in the Asoka era. <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ancient Buddhist Angel Icons:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5GZK-AgfByesYfkqdxeyK-0Kfd_M0caP9jqZ6ZVClr5kigswQ5QF032uK-Ihia_IzQbVcGzP-MziZ7CQnuvXTkp2Q9aWKChwc799AtFLPKx9xYdmEXs7WEJFEKNI96qEToH1z6tXAlNX/s1600-h/A+Suparna+from+Mathura.+Exhibited+at+Lakhnay+museum.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5384629676358493970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5GZK-AgfByesYfkqdxeyK-0Kfd_M0caP9jqZ6ZVClr5kigswQ5QF032uK-Ihia_IzQbVcGzP-MziZ7CQnuvXTkp2Q9aWKChwc799AtFLPKx9xYdmEXs7WEJFEKNI96qEToH1z6tXAlNX/s400/A+Suparna+from+Mathura.+Exhibited+at+Lakhnay+museum.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 381px;" /></a> An angel like figure called Suparna from Mathura from the Asoka reign era. Exhibited at Lakhnay museum. Suparna is also known as Garuda. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhismglossaryg/g/garuda.htm" target="_blank">Garuda in Buddhism</a> and <a href="http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/07-09/features1448.htm" target="_blank">Garuda in Hinduism</a> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7SM4Fj_9OUR-X5KaYgOIwKohEmsMu1BmlWJurjTYkfP8NrEp5erQOVKru5hwEqPnEk7M4dDevyu30vikKMd0Ki5__9AyJ3VwyVsivEDv59JhJRqEx6U90RziA4FzOb3q3dJt9K69l5CgX/s1600-h/361647937_1646fd2a47_o.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350804393225962898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7SM4Fj_9OUR-X5KaYgOIwKohEmsMu1BmlWJurjTYkfP8NrEp5erQOVKru5hwEqPnEk7M4dDevyu30vikKMd0Ki5__9AyJ3VwyVsivEDv59JhJRqEx6U90RziA4FzOb3q3dJt9K69l5CgX/s400/361647937_1646fd2a47_o.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Gandhara Atlants are Buddhist figures with wings that resemble "Angels". This schist is dated to the period from the last century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Photo by mharrsch at Flickr, Creative Commons file.<br />
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Two other Greco-Buddhist Atlants:<br />
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<center style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atalante.JPG" target="_blank">Gandharan Atlant from the 2nd century CE at Musee Guimet</a><br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WingedDeity.jpg" target="_blank">Winged Atalant, Gandhara at Tokyo National Museum</a> </center><br />
Figures that looked like “angels” with <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44124324682@N01/361647937" target="_blank">wings</a> and halos were also part of Buddhism from early on, for instance in Gandhara. The kingdom of Gandhara lasted from 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE. Taxila was a city in ancient Gandhara that was an important center of Buddhist learning from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. As mentioned earlier thousands of monks were sent to Taxila by emperor Asoka a few hundred years before the Common Era. Buddhist monks were sent from Gandhara as missionaries for the Dharma in all directions, including to Europe. These missions are documented in the Asokan edicts and for instance in the Old Greek literature.<br />
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Within Buddhism figures resembling “angels” have many different names, here are some:<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Atlant</span>: <a href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/virtualmuseum/pictures_show2.php?prefix=ABDUA&num=26001&firstview=true&mt=not&sign=&viewnumber=&resultsperpage=9" target="_blank">Atlant with wings</a>.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Varjapani</span>: See photo. The name means "Thunderbolt in hand".<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347276308223823442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWoPhKXInbJe0myzWgrhIlmycoovFTOJYgERBt6aJzv6pbvnrot-Z9aG07Iduw-VA0rDaF7_D1uVLZdmr7W_CZUCXSJeUAh1zZirOB8Vl4rU1y26JVyA97t2FPmGyfDOSp72r8Th4TCOuL/s400/Gandhara+The+Buddha+And+Vajrapani,+2nd+Century.+Photo+by+PHGCOM+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 268px;" /> The Gautama Buddha And Vajrapani, Gandhara 2nd Century. Photo by PHGCOM, 2007.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bodhisattva</span>: Read more about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" target="_blank">Bodhisattva</a>. <a href="http://www.visiblemantra.org/vajrapani.html" target="_blank">Varjapani</a> is a bodhisattva for Wisdom. <a href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/glossary1.html#bodhisattva" target="_blank">Avalokiteshvara</a> (Padmapani) is Bodhisattva for compassion. <span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
More about Avalokiteshvara:</span> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jEcpkWjYOZQC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&dq=loki+god+india&source=bl&ots=OtybfUNIC3&sig=_0QaQ2m-Axa7V35YElBB0f2hv5g&hl=en&ei=A_pISr2XHJHEsAbg0dCiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6" target="_blank">Loki</a> is in Tibetan Buddhism one of three divisions of the universe. Tri-Loka is in Hinduism: Heaven, Earth and Hell. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jEcpkWjYOZQC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&dq=loki+god+india&source=bl&ots=OtybfUNIC3&sig=_0QaQ2m-Axa7V35YElBB0f2hv5g&hl=en&ei=A_pISr2XHJHEsAbg0dCiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6" target="_blank">Lokeswara</a> is a Buddhist God: Lord of the world, which is also called Avalokitesvara. (Source: “Dictionary of Ancient Deities” by Patricia Turner, Charles Russell Coulter, 2001). Avalokitesvara is in Northern Buddhism: 1) The manifested Logos i.e. Ishvara. 2) The Second Logos i.e. Padmapani defined as the Divine in man. (Powis Hoult, 1910).<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Yaksa, Yaksha or Yakkha (male) or Yakshi (female) are nature spirits</span>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaksha" target="_blank">Yaksha</a>.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Deva</span>: There are many types of Devas and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_%28Buddhism%29" target="_blank">Devas</a> are not Gods.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Yidams</span>: See same source as over.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">A Mythological Sea Monster </span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisym9bnzuGJhLzs6iHvWt2F7tZownQ_max5fzJ0vqFaGDjjQKA79-1hwD9GaH_VvcbCqgIBxudXZr4BBNhyphenhyphenOJfH5tbrfxLY6fbX6fbAizSibkU2_L30MlDKSiZ8ZqlYPkVyku8Lw0HknNI/s1600-h/The+Stupa+of+Bharhut,+India.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350222872145202098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisym9bnzuGJhLzs6iHvWt2F7tZownQ_max5fzJ0vqFaGDjjQKA79-1hwD9GaH_VvcbCqgIBxudXZr4BBNhyphenhyphenOJfH5tbrfxLY6fbX6fbAizSibkU2_L30MlDKSiZ8ZqlYPkVyku8Lw0HknNI/s400/The+Stupa+of+Bharhut,+India.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 390px;" /></a> This is an ornament from the Stupa of Bharhut in Madhya Pradesh, India. Parts of the Bharhut stupa dates back to the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, about 324 – 300 BCE. Men in a fishing boat and a huge fish swallowing humans.<br />
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<a href="http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=3599&detail=small" target="_blank""><strong>Timingala Jataka Scene</strong></a><strong>. Displayed at the Varanasi University Museum. This rondell dates according to the linked source back to ca. 200 BCE - 101 BCE.</strong> <br />
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Does anyone know more about the mythology or story of the scene in this Makara relief?<br />
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About this scene by Cunningham: “A great marine monster, with mouth wide open, in the act of swallowing a boat with its crew of three men. A second boat is drifting towards the same fate stern foremost, while her crew of three men have given up rowing, in despair. The waves are rough, and several small fishes appear between the sea monster and the second boat. This bas - relief is valuable as being the only Bhahut Sculpture, which represents us with the view of the ancient Indian boat. Here we have two boats, with their zigzag-cut planks fastened by Iron cramps, just like those of the present day. The oars also and rudder are of the same as those now in use, the former being made of a simple bamboo with a piece of flat wood tied to the end for a blade. The men in the second boat who have given up rowing have placed their right hands on their breasts, a mode of action, which was probably understood to signify despair. The head of the leviathan is particularly stiff and clumsy, but as the animal has to swallow a boat the mouth is necessarily large.<br />
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The boats themselves are of exactly the same build as the boat in the Sanchi Sculptures. The Bharhut examples however are about three centuries older; but as the very same pattern of boat and the same oars are still in use at the present day, this relief only affords another example of the unchanging habits of the Hindus. Such as their Boat was in the days of Asoka, such it is now. The planks are notched on their edges to prevent their sliding, and they are fastened together by iron clamps. The oars are shaped somewhat like large spoons: each has a long Bambu handle, with a flat piece of wood at the end to hold the water."<br />
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Cunningham tells that the fishtailed elephant can be seen among the Buddhist Sculptures of Buddha Gaya, but of a later date.<br />
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Some of this text is interpretations made by Cunningham, such as what feelings the men in the boat likely had and why they had stopped rowing. I could not at first see the second boat, but likely what is being swallowed with the three other men.<br />
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" target="_blank">origin of the Makara might be the Greek</a> Sea Monster called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketos" target="_blank">Ketos</a> or Cetus that is documented from the 5th century BCE. There were long lasting cultural connections between ancient Buddhist areas of India & Pakistan and ancient Greece. The cultural exchange could have come in both directions and via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" target="_blank">ancient land and sea trade routes</a> and also indirectly via other trade partners such as ancient Egypt.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352301777985521170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHR7cYEMc_CHdXYOzoU5eYL8eziRdQXUttzPcyoC2LxrOUNLYv-oUO5JvwDC6doYlIzVfVwP326XxY7l3ucMkZjHm3k3o0LpUVyJGI_L8SCktSBuN9xkVSmeC-VPpYbKtLbv-SG3hB7JgM/s400/Nereid+and+Ketos,+Sirkap,+Gandhara.,+Pakistan.+From+Musee+Guimet.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 304px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> Nereid and Ketos, Sirkap, Gandhara., Pakistan. From Musee Guimet<br />
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In Nordic Mythology there is a Sea Monster called the Midgard Serpent or <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/lappiskmytholog02friigoog" target="_blank">“Goarmes Guolle”</a> (Sami language) - can be translated to "Troll-fish" or "Monster Fish". <a href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/thorserpent.html" target="_blank">“The Midgard Serpent”</a> i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" target="_blank">Jörmungandr</a> or <a href="http://www.timelessmyths.com/norse/monsters.html" target="_blank">Jormungand</a> is the son of the Giants <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki" target="_blank">Loki</a> and Angerboda described as the enemy of the thunder God Thor in Nordic Mythology. Here is an article where the author assumes that the myth about the Midgard Serpent has been re-written and changed by the Christians: <a href="http://www.thorshof.org/thorserp.htm" target="_blank">The one that got away?</a> I will add more about this Nordic myth later on.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOyXafiSKeEJfmPte-6Df17g06ps7O3lZUMvTBg9ey09tRVUCYTpCaD3N2pQIhLfQ3CXBBtBpCX4rsrRzhJcMfjLGo-yacevPoji0ozilafChqNvstOZx1FmSlYsc9StEVWucj8tqCb0-K/s1600-h/Altuna_U1161_20050205.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352975269596556418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOyXafiSKeEJfmPte-6Df17g06ps7O3lZUMvTBg9ey09tRVUCYTpCaD3N2pQIhLfQ3CXBBtBpCX4rsrRzhJcMfjLGo-yacevPoji0ozilafChqNvstOZx1FmSlYsc9StEVWucj8tqCb0-K/s400/Altuna_U1161_20050205.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 267px;" /></a> The Midgard Serpent (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymiskvi%C3%B0a" target="_blank">Jörmungandr</a>) is carved on the <a href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/india/images/ellora-caves/resized/jain-column-detail2-c-criswell.jpg" target="_blank">Altuna Runestone</a> from 11th century in Uppland, Sweden. At this time the “heathen” i.e. pre-Christian religion was still practiced.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352977324129991826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-OsCe5LpckZ8DpNIfWnL-jyIre7AhcCfN9i9Npk4t-MVxWdIOjz-uhIxLcrE7MBRWOF4MLVLlSUWDK6TOeNQnDG5T-K4AKLWHDXKiwPxI0DgwuQnUwfP7Mm8hTTtHeAvWRNFD9KFTiRUP/s400/Jormungandr.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 125px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> Jörmungandr (the Midgard Serpent) gets an ox head as bait, from a 17th Century Icelandic document.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Centaur in Norway:</span></span><br />
The relief is dating back to about 1100 CE, when pagan or pre-Christian religion still was practiced in the Nordic areas.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxukVrfLNr1aQFG0-u7xmUi34ZHRrj9StjUChm7VWrHYPH3ag_q6cXRy1Azutk9c0xVrnPlv27dimTr6TCVZIIoMv9AD1isoqn_5FyYdz70_G6oYTYRu6NjzV2qT_5exzeg7-H_zh2zo2w/s1600-h/Old+ornament+from+about+1100+of+a+Centaur+from+the+God+house+that+was+replaced+by+Lunner+church.++Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350797074585762354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxukVrfLNr1aQFG0-u7xmUi34ZHRrj9StjUChm7VWrHYPH3ag_q6cXRy1Azutk9c0xVrnPlv27dimTr6TCVZIIoMv9AD1isoqn_5FyYdz70_G6oYTYRu6NjzV2qT_5exzeg7-H_zh2zo2w/s400/Old+ornament+from+about+1100+of+a+Centaur+from+the+God+house+that+was+replaced+by+Lunner+church.++Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 260px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Old ornament from about 1100 CE of a Centaur from the God house that was replaced by Lunner church in Oppland, Norway. Photo by John Erling Blad, 2005<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7ZHfAEAOHuVpHN83DgvVm0IGycCut_cRkUB-jyPervttrE1mg9TZS9c1HvYoQHWvz1rEZiob9S5chz5kRrUMg3M9mGHXAWEZnhyP14VEL3qz_nNKaezh07r1jfz1AB0JPblGwOk0dxbq/s1600-h/Gotland-Grotlingbo_Kyrka_Relief_09+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5356591696885811410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7ZHfAEAOHuVpHN83DgvVm0IGycCut_cRkUB-jyPervttrE1mg9TZS9c1HvYoQHWvz1rEZiob9S5chz5kRrUMg3M9mGHXAWEZnhyP14VEL3qz_nNKaezh07r1jfz1AB0JPblGwOk0dxbq/s400/Gotland-Grotlingbo_Kyrka_Relief_09+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> An Centaur relief made about 1170 - 1215 CE on Grotlingbo church at Gotland, Sweden. Photo by Wolfgang Sauber, 2007.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Centaur from Gandhara Indo-Greek Buddhism Era. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgziME5XN91D1xmq0mIQNamFFAOmTgsVLkCND3DoboIWezXpUbvbdE97gjlqGYMEVjXrKEzGs3uRBN2UjgoziH7yLAfdH2KWqj7jsMqZ9aIfX6zLUzd4EiO2Os2wfFBmh7Dq7eRKr6rVasX/s1600-h/Ichthyo-Centaur+Gandhara+relief,+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum.+Personal+photograph+2005+by+PHGCOM.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350796114605115362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgziME5XN91D1xmq0mIQNamFFAOmTgsVLkCND3DoboIWezXpUbvbdE97gjlqGYMEVjXrKEzGs3uRBN2UjgoziH7yLAfdH2KWqj7jsMqZ9aIfX6zLUzd4EiO2Os2wfFBmh7Dq7eRKr6rVasX/s400/Ichthyo-Centaur+Gandhara+relief,+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum.+Personal+photograph+2005+by+PHGCOM.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 268px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Ichhyo Centaur from Gandhara, exhibited at Victoria and Albert Museum. Photo by PHGCOM, 2005.<br />
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Many figures and animals that was common in Greek Mythology from about 5th Century BCE (according to this article on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" target="_blank">Greco-Buddhist art</a>) are also part of the early Buddhist Indo-Greek-Chinese-Iranian cultures (Khotan or Kushan) that inhabited the present areas of India and Pakistan. Such mythological figures are for instance: The Centaur, Ketos or Cetus (Makara in India), and tritons. I am unsure about the origin of the Atlants or Angel-like figures.<br />
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If it is so that the ancient Nordic Goths brought a form of early Buddhism to the Nordic, and since Buddhist resembling figures, ornaments and symbols are found in relation to pre-Christian religion here, then the Nordic Goths must have arrived in a period when these symbols were commonly used in the Indo-Greek Buddhism of Asia. The Indo-Greek Buddhist symbols came into use after the conquest by Alexander the Great (336–323 BCE), which went as far east as India and northeastwards to the present areas of Xinjiang, China. The easternmost areas were remains of Greek soldiers have been found is Tian Shan, China from the 4th - 3rd Century BCE.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-84605246528070067032009-05-13T18:20:00.078+02:002010-05-05T13:16:16.693+02:00Symbolic and Ornamental Similarities of the Nordic Goths and Buddhist Asia<center><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">Golden Leaf offerings in Iron Age Norway and Sweden and in Buddhist India & Pakistan</span></center><br />
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<center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340480774733943378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeZBzfzBr6NFTlWRZSCePZ9kOeziDrsD5uZKkBKd2-BLtbloHcA-CknoERzZSkpckqGR1ZTe2a0nY5aYqltMwAZ1izF0aa1qf68A3W5phvDvaqQQzzQYQ8LPs1BQOzG1T7O8TgBGoypVdR/s400/Offerings+found+in+Bodh+Gaya+under+the+-Enlightment+Throne+of+the+Buddha-,+with+a+decorated+coin+of+Huvishka.+Photo+by+PHGCOM+2007+wikimedia.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 382px;" /><br />
<span style="font-size: 78%;">A larger version photo: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BodhGayaEnlightmentThroneOfferingAndHuvishkaCoin.jpg" target="_blank">Buddhist golden leaf offerings in India</a></span></center><br />
Offerings found in Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya under the "Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha", with a decorated coin of Huvishka. Photo by PHGCOM, 2007.<br />
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In this site you can see Kushan period Gold foil offerings on a Gandhara Buddha statue. <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/05/ssa/ho_1987.142.1.htm" target="_blank">The Gift of Anathapindada</a> schist with traces of gold foil, Pakistan, the ancient region of Gandhara, Kushan period, 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTWRfaUFQpHIiXUxODH7hRFHahiUsTqzVRlNnp_EVNR7ikxVj_kW_C_YZ0Vd5ulLxM3HwaHo6o-PGJnLCTVNBD6OOflykVAtv-i64q5z8EQD2l2_PON3dD6RQVCC_6qPkX18IeFxtpQgo/s1600-h/SorteMuld_guldgubber_A+few+of+nearly+2500+Gold+foil+images+iron+age+c.+500+-+600+CE,+settelment+Sorte+Muld,+danish+Bornholm,+photo+by+Martin+Stoltze+2009.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345968553258536866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTWRfaUFQpHIiXUxODH7hRFHahiUsTqzVRlNnp_EVNR7ikxVj_kW_C_YZ0Vd5ulLxM3HwaHo6o-PGJnLCTVNBD6OOflykVAtv-i64q5z8EQD2l2_PON3dD6RQVCC_6qPkX18IeFxtpQgo/s400/SorteMuld_guldgubber_A+few+of+nearly+2500+Gold+foil+images+iron+age+c.+500+-+600+CE,+settelment+Sorte+Muld,+danish+Bornholm,+photo+by+Martin+Stoltze+2009.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 269px;" /></a> A few of nearly 2500 Gold foil images Iron Age c. 500 - 600 CE, settlement Sorte Muld, Danish Bornholm, photo by Martin Stoltze 2009. These gold leafs or gold foils are called "Gullgubber" or "gullgubbar" in the Nordic.<br />
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Iron Age in the Nordic from about 500 BCE to 800 CE.<br />
Recently archaeologists found a pre-Christian temple in Vingrom near Lillehammer in southern Norway: <a href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2760336.ece" target="_blank">Article about the finding, text in Norwegian</a>.<br />
The decorated offerings are pure leaf gold (illustrating figures of a man and a woman and one with only one man), these have likely been used as offerings to heathen Gods.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5400591657496270082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_iJayWnJOgyRc3OyCJmDnIKeo6Al-sR7qjEDQ6Z8ARDBdu8nuXyoY2FUwayVRITEv31hyR792nTurKijsYgWJpt64zdVq2POYwyIHR816R0Dd1YObJN6at0lzr_qTww96X8kz3xAkCOS5/s400/A+guldgubbe,+an+amulet+of+gold+from+the+iron+age,+found+by+Kongsvik,+Nordland,+Norway+in+1747.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 170px;" /> A golden leaf (guldgubbe) amulet from the Iron Age, found by Kongsvik, Nordland, Norway in 1747.<br />
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Similar gold leaf <a href="http://www.uppakra.se/images/uppakra/guldgubbar.jpg" target="_blank">offerings in Uppakra, Sweden</a>, from Iron Age and many other places in Sweden: Guldgubbar. Religious use: Pure Gold foil from Sweden ca. 375 – 550 CE. <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/fid.asp?in=1&fid=145786" target="_blank">Visa föremål | Sök i samlingarna | Historiska museet</a><br />
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However Christian Churches have been built over some Pagan-temples, for instance Mære Church in Mid Norway. There are archaeological finds of pagan time gold offerings at Borg in Lofoten in Northern Norway and in Kongsvik in Nordland, Northern Norway. Most of these gold leaf offerings are dated to the Period 500-600 CE.<br />
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<center style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 180%;">The Wheel and the Symbolism of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_%28Buddhism%29" target="_blank">Dharma</a></span></center><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYiuAKkYas82AciGmpUjp-6sVXhAglsxn5hpcmmmWhXo-Brzee6CxzhBFEm7RPk22D6fRd2e691AQcmHB5gGeAGY0Apk29vUfjOmNMGUJ3A6E_MTdtHkHEB9RwHCtuYbLULyK8-q5hEb4/s1600-h/Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335436281609514306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSYiuAKkYas82AciGmpUjp-6sVXhAglsxn5hpcmmmWhXo-Brzee6CxzhBFEm7RPk22D6fRd2e691AQcmHB5gGeAGY0Apk29vUfjOmNMGUJ3A6E_MTdtHkHEB9RwHCtuYbLULyK8-q5hEb4/s400/Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 131px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">This is from Sarnath in India showing Buddha's five disciples and a Dharama Wheel. In the following URL you can see a similar scene from Gandhara in the Kushan Period about 3rd century CE. <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/buda/ho_1980.527.4.htm" target="_blank">Buddha’s first ceremony</a>. The wheel represents Buddha’s Dharma i.e. doctrine, truth or law.</span><br />
<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353320966080008386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8B8_VViLgkb8Jeg40gdAkXZ0PWhGwLbgzdN_itm_GmAJl5BYCMJzumG91-1Plqiv6-foydrQR8-yJ2sOpfj2WCYGMJyOd3O2JeKoWrKPUqyC-n24VVr74Wt3spWb65b7jy9b9O02LBZmw/s400/Carved+decoration+of+a+gateway+to+the+Great+Stupa+of+Sanchi,+Madhya+Pradesh,+India.+Photo+by+Doron+2003.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 324px;" /> The Dharmachakra, Dharma wheel was depicted in the Maurya era of Asokha. In Mahayana Buddhism the Wheel of Life is called Bhavachakra. The wheel of life symbolizes the continuous- repeating circle of birth, life and death. The photo is from Sanchi that first were built in the 3rd century BCE.<br />
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The eight spooked-wheel is found in coins dated to the time after Buddha e.g. in Rome and Greece. A coin from the era of Luceria Apulia dated to ca. 211 - 200 BCE is an example.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvq9P69DdPm9T1j6fVnHpccDGeUlHX6UClR3CygS54dT7XgCwc8iQ_2jOK8r9ElX9fkJ24XBxBVqFMUgZEodlamTqtmTHxPq3XI77BUdCCnApMKvHPF4JAFm64y4tTghBV2rZixbDxLqh/s1600-h/Gundestrup_C+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347937001547168658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEvq9P69DdPm9T1j6fVnHpccDGeUlHX6UClR3CygS54dT7XgCwc8iQ_2jOK8r9ElX9fkJ24XBxBVqFMUgZEodlamTqtmTHxPq3XI77BUdCCnApMKvHPF4JAFm64y4tTghBV2rZixbDxLqh/s400/Gundestrup_C+public.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 219px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">The Gundestrup plate C, Denmark Iron Age. Here you can see the wheel and the horned hats symbolised. </span><br />
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The Dharmacharka is an ancient symbol dating back to before the time of Emperor Ashoka. The Buddhist teachings of <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd41.htm" target="_blank">Dhamma or Dharma</a> are symbolized by <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/bud_wheel.htm" target="_blank">the Wheel of Dharamacharka</a> which represents the endless cycle of birth and rebirth. Modern versions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacakra" target="_blank">Dharmacakra</a> normally have eight spokes symbolizing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" target="_blank">the noble eight fold path</a> of Buddhism to enlightenment and <a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd43.htm" target="_blank">Nirvana</a>. In ancient times the number of spokes seems to have been irrelevant.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5352965196410757026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjl_dHmKNW9ZDu2NbV20G9cycz287S6HLhcscuT_FKpwKLzPG0pXNBo_jH7GR1Wc5r41pvtZZNyODT9YpLiqCaQOF-4KkCUQgs9FF4QmJGnqHBM36eRQdeOFo0Y5fRliuPo2l1ctp39POp/s400/1111+Ornament+from++Birkenes+Norway+ca+300+CE.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 358px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> Iron Age Swirling Wheel Ornament from Birkenes, Norway. Dated to ca. 300 CE. Similar Iron Age wheel ornaments are found several places in Norway.<br />
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<a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335311638590276562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-wWVyTJo85GbOV-uiP6WmmlaupUgTKSu2BqCtnygCxdzOb6I_qNsFMzTiUp7iOIm6Y6gQp1l0BnkT9IAWICYx4-DEtmLzfNA5q_6I8Nb3KpvT8rVGV8kDWKTENc0r7of3PnUFKmzs4AX/s400/sanda+gotland+sweden+400+-+600+ce.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" target="_blank"> Iron Age Gotland Picture stones in 3D</a> Photo credits to: <a href="http://www.gotlandsmuseum.se/" target="_blank">Gotlands Museum</a>. The photographer is Raymond Hejdström. A picture stone dated to 400 - 600 CE from Sanda in Gotland, Sweden.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.gotmus.i.se/1engelska/bildstenar/engelska/picture_stones.htm" target="_blank">Picture Stones</a> from Länsmuseet in Gotland, Sweden. There are several picture stones in the museum with similar wheels dating back to Iron Age.</div><br />
<a href="http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~catshaman/25pictst/0gotl2.htm" target="_blank">More picture stones from Gotland </a><br />
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<a href="http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/nirmali/nirmali/Imra/Film1999/OFFR98/P199804.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/nirmali/nirmali/Imra/Film1999/OFFR98/P199804.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 75px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 93px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 78%;">Photo Credits to the following website: <a href="http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/nirmali/nirmali/Imra/Text/sacrifice/sacrifice98.html" target="_blank">The goat sacrifice to Sajigor the Kafir god of power, wealth and fertility</a>.</span><br />
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Figurative depictions of deities were almost unknown in Kalash during the 1960ies according to studies by Morgenstierne, only a <a href="http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/nirmali/nirmali/Imra/Text/sacrifice/sacrifice98.html" target="_blank">figure of the fertility goddess Nirmali</a> was discovered in the Prasun area of Nuristan. <a href="http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2001/papers/witek.html" target="_blank">With Camera to India, Iran and Afghanistan: Access to Multimedia Sources of the Explorer, Professor Dr. Morgenstierne (1892-1975)</a>. National Library of Norway, Oslo.<br />
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Areas of interest: North Eastern Pakistan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tibet and Kashmir. Kailash, Kalash, Lakadi, Nagas. The people of northern India that have migrated along the mountain fringes of the Himalayas and some of them were worshipers of Siva. The worshipers of Siva or Shiva are called the Saivas.<br />
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<center> <span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">Worship of Trees and Serpents</span></center><center> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNbqpE8S8sD6FD47fZjC9efGcM9WvQh3zkkAIBWTJtx9cAbg000OHRTZ9nwScr3UcEQADRiMec1p5OKTxp1bkOUE-gV3L9xycYUFGA3D6uIhwhuBtINQ_YgvhsJDcJpuhqd7niuBtQyO6/s1600-h/StelattheeastendoftheBuddhistChapel.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5330831047036446818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNbqpE8S8sD6FD47fZjC9efGcM9WvQh3zkkAIBWTJtx9cAbg000OHRTZ9nwScr3UcEQADRiMec1p5OKTxp1bkOUE-gV3L9xycYUFGA3D6uIhwhuBtINQ_YgvhsJDcJpuhqd7niuBtQyO6/s320/StelattheeastendoftheBuddhistChapel.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 299px; width: 320px;" /></a></center><br />
Stelæ at the east end of the Buddhist Chapel, Abhayagiri Dagaba, Sri Lanka, 1st century BCE. Such Naga stone icons from before and after the Common Era are found in many places within India, for instance in Kanganhalli (1 BCE - 3 CE) and the same symbol is also part of many ancient Buddha thrones.<br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgku26s-O4cjc-v4kuAs8RTVy0pmoouw2QchzQIS_C-5wVORbd_sGzzFjp0KsTTMhpUuA1OZaoxtyl3HLUZctHm9prsb7NrKAanmwwPjVkplVaBEJnrygRPK7w59AhZ8vKXPD7CElWqM6QF/s1600-h/Worship+of+tree+Stavkirke+Norway+-+3.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5330832077245434002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgku26s-O4cjc-v4kuAs8RTVy0pmoouw2QchzQIS_C-5wVORbd_sGzzFjp0KsTTMhpUuA1OZaoxtyl3HLUZctHm9prsb7NrKAanmwwPjVkplVaBEJnrygRPK7w59AhZ8vKXPD7CElWqM6QF/s320/Worship+of+tree+Stavkirke+Norway+-+3.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 252px; width: 320px;" /></a></center> <br />
<a href="http://url/" target="_blank">Wood carved portal</a> from <a href="http://www.khm.uio.no/utstilling/faste/middelalder/stavkirkeportaler/hylestad.html" target="_blank">Hylestad stavkirke</a> ca. 1175 CE in the county of Aust Agder, Norway. The Stave churches in Norway very likely were built in traditions from the Pre-Christian era. Some were built over old heathen temples. Heathen = Pre-Christian. The Stave Churches surprisingly have a lot of symbolism from the heathen religion in the Nordic.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yIEOtGUIu6IGlmAoypsP7132ncky1tK0Uuupw_vTuy_bpMt0lA35OWLRlBsbULjS4JcDtSh_Kgvx55AcoDD1YEB-Wfm8LJ6A4ivejLunZOVul3L99SnwmXW7Ym6MLx8RATzKwFP1p6af/s1600-h/A+baptismal+font+from+c.+1100+Norums+Church,+Bohusl%C3%A4n,+Sweden.+Photo+by+Berig+2008.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353205386914843058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4yIEOtGUIu6IGlmAoypsP7132ncky1tK0Uuupw_vTuy_bpMt0lA35OWLRlBsbULjS4JcDtSh_Kgvx55AcoDD1YEB-Wfm8LJ6A4ivejLunZOVul3L99SnwmXW7Ym6MLx8RATzKwFP1p6af/s400/A+baptismal+font+from+c.+1100+Norums+Church,+Bohusl%C3%A4n,+Sweden.+Photo+by+Berig+2008.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 260px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Runic scripts (Runes) and a person surrounded by snakes on a baptismal font from c. 1100 Norums Church, Bohuslän, Sweden. Photo by Berig 2008.<br />
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</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02HcEJzoFn-bvECHFV-I9i4f6gcowtbmDExGM-PC9fBYaJVAwF7R-bpQuLEehgZFlRJcMOazwRU3E3TWITCGR9YM42cLW2YaxWSGGF6rK-kS_aT7PeCkAcHD7FGQHeBjSod3ulCuOH4NT/s1600/Casa+dei+Vettii+a+Pompei.+Larario.+Autore+della+foto+is+Patricio+Lorente.+Common+attribution+sharalike.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453764296094526354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj02HcEJzoFn-bvECHFV-I9i4f6gcowtbmDExGM-PC9fBYaJVAwF7R-bpQuLEehgZFlRJcMOazwRU3E3TWITCGR9YM42cLW2YaxWSGGF6rK-kS_aT7PeCkAcHD7FGQHeBjSod3ulCuOH4NT/s400/Casa+dei+Vettii+a+Pompei.+Larario.+Autore+della+foto+is+Patricio+Lorente.+Common+attribution+sharalike.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 378px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> Ancient Roman Pre-Christian religion with Serpent worship at Casa dei Vettii at Pompei, Italy before 79 CE. Larario. Autore della foto is by Patricio Lorente.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350287182488400210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisYiMi5W-zktRqSjEtx7dCWgWwNRcjMzycCgCMk70aOUZc9j6oShwubBqQRyL5VG_SHjiJfYYMJ4d7OXzHCOU6bkx-Wl7UzmXEaKbeO1cnKOgXjEy1Ll-fOQtcyy_0BwNbtFJgMw_UFyn2/s400/Naga+people+publ+1910.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 299px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> <a href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/glossary1.html#naga" target="_blank">Naga</a> people worshiping a Buddhist triratna. From Amaravati, India.<br />
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<a href="http://www.khandro.net/mysterious_naga.htm" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Nagas and Serpent Worship in India</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.buddhistdoor.com/BuddhistArt/LineArt_4.html" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Buddhist Iconography Identification Guide</a> Meaning of different animals.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy6ClERYKdgmT7pQpAqvZ7KGc2YB7kA9vemomboUZlPp0NR2d69quTgixupcf18nccmlcbheI8w2wKwU-Q20qSAijgIud3uPei0OH30kVAk-fnwkeLKv8ta_HTePYNYjmm_MzpRU5b3wc/s1600-h/Kanishka+Casket+detail,+Photo+by+PHGCOM,+2005+Wikimedia+GNU.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300285735486242242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy6ClERYKdgmT7pQpAqvZ7KGc2YB7kA9vemomboUZlPp0NR2d69quTgixupcf18nccmlcbheI8w2wKwU-Q20qSAijgIud3uPei0OH30kVAk-fnwkeLKv8ta_HTePYNYjmm_MzpRU5b3wc/s320/Kanishka+Casket+detail,+Photo+by+PHGCOM,+2005+Wikimedia+GNU.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 284px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a> Serpent worship in a detail of the Kanishka casket found near Peshawar, Pakistan. Photo by PHGCOM, 2005 Wikimedia GNU. This particular casket i likely the copy exhibited at the British Museum, the original is exhibited at the Museum of Peshawar.<br />
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In the linked text “<a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/mahavamsa/chap012.html" target="_blank">The Mahavamsa</a>: The Great Chronicle of Lanka from 6th Century BC to 4th Century AD” translated from Pali by Wilhelm Geiger. It is told that the dwellers of Kahsmira and Gandhara worshiped the Naga-king (Serpent King) and that the Serpent kings had a Dragon’s palace under the Sea (<a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/maha2.htm" target="_blank">The rise of the Mahayana</a>).<br />
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"Naga" means serpent in Sanskrit.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_%28mythology%29" target="_blank">Naga Mythology</a><br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_%28symbolism%29#Dragons" target="_blank">Serpent symbolism</a><br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_%28symbolism%29" target="_blank">Snake worship</a><br />
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In Iron and Medieval Age Nordic areas people worshiped serpents, one dragon like figure called <span style="font-weight: bold;">Nidhogg Nagar</span> or <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" target="_blank">Níðhöggr</a></b>, which lived by gnawing on the roots of the “world tree” Yggdrasil. Other types of serpents worshiped in the Nordic areas is for instance "Gormes Guolle" (Sami language) meaning Troll-fish. These serpents and snakes were often symbolized on the shaman drums, on picture stones, jewelery and woodcarvings.<br />
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<center><object allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" base="http://www.slideroll.com" data="http://www.slideroll.com/player.swf?s=q3kgm11y&nocache=1&nologo=0" height="280" id="slideshow" salign="tl" scale="noscale" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="340" wmode="transparent"> <param name="base" value="http://www.slideroll.com"><param name="movie" value="http://www.slideroll.com/player.swf?s=q3kgm11y&nologo=0"><param name="s" value="q3kgm11y"><param name="scale" value="noscale"><param name="salign" value="tl"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="allowNetworking" value="all"> <!-- embedded thumbnail --> <a href="http://slideroll.com/?s=q3kgm11y" target="_blank"><img src="http://slideroll.com/users/group263/user263202_20070808143713/thumbs/proj305823.jpg" alt="Early IronAge Ornaments Norway" /> View Photo Slideshow</a> <!-- end thumbnail --> </object></center><br />
<a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335312323355920242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlPBlBjgzaQ9Tx9pyu3F0XibEMmS5fV1r_gacUGBNJhTf3JVIuVe-4Oj1d-vBsuawwaXfPj0wNhIrXXWHFL4YcjpTc5nskp2b4VVVO0W5Zv4t5XofiSUJf50QpTv47D8OzqXpowqRs7yL/s400/Smiss+at+N%C3%A4r+gotland+sweden+400+-+600+ce.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 331px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 294px;" /></a><a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" target="_blank">Iron Age Gotland Picture stones in 3D</a> (Sweden). Photo credits to: <a href="http://www.gotlandsmuseum.se/" target="_blank">Gotlands Museum</a>. Photographer: Raymond Hejdström.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355776396138790866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJam0xOeKnuLPO8fd64zGGk2VOqeKUeRYdtFmwDFSIijNXJfahRx29602cSrtYlpN5Cmq1VlXWAL8V5lKJCMCiwToHcSJ0XmFW5KMYBzQVMSpFcmnSrj9k7QmRITO9lXXTYL3Ei6RZIoZd/s400/Lady_suckling_dragons_at_V%C3%A4te_church+sweden.+Photo+by+Berig,+2008.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 252px;" /> Relief from Väte Church at Gotland, Sweden. Photo by Berig, 2008. The church is from ca. 1100. This is not a Christian ornament. These figures are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake-witch_stone" target="_blank">Snake-witches</a> in Sweden.<br />
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The worship of snakes and other reptiles in the Nordic by the ancient Goths is known from ancient (particularly Iron Age) ornaments, picture stones and the Nordic Sagas. These Sagas are often called the Norse Sagas, but Nordic is a more precise description.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieB44d5VDW60WFdXVvJoqKnkOkQrVHTzmMh1QdsgiNfV33MCpeTWUfGwEUJ1iky8TfBwrOma8FXkbw1OR8zFOR41T7ehGwoUBw3InWX-yxloa3iHF7g8OVSlw8qEqD_Pxu9R9C96ZOD4s/s1600-h/Nidhogg+the+dragon+Ni%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr+gnawing+the+roots+of+Yggdrasill+17th+centrury+Icelandic+manuscript.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5314434643403299874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieB44d5VDW60WFdXVvJoqKnkOkQrVHTzmMh1QdsgiNfV33MCpeTWUfGwEUJ1iky8TfBwrOma8FXkbw1OR8zFOR41T7ehGwoUBw3InWX-yxloa3iHF7g8OVSlw8qEqD_Pxu9R9C96ZOD4s/s200/Nidhogg+the+dragon+Ni%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr+gnawing+the+roots+of+Yggdrasill+17th+centrury+Icelandic+manuscript.png" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 64px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a> <span style="color: black;">The reptile Nidhogg Nagar from the Nordic Saga Literature</span>, is a dragon gnawing the roots of the tree of life. Illustration from a 17th century Icelandic Manuscript.<br />
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Ancient Goths have from early on intermarried the indigenous Laplander people and their cultures have been mixed (particularly in present Sweden and Finland). Today the indigenous people of the Nordic areas are called the Sami people. The culture of the ancient Nordic Goths have partly been preserved by the Sami people, for instance the Sami worshiped Snakes and reptiles until the 1800-eds, this is both observed and reported history and the old shaman drums of the Sami pictured their worship of snakes, reptiles and trees. You can read more about the mixed ancient Goth and Sami culture in <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/runes-and-serpent-worship-among-sami.html" target="_blank">Saamiblog</a>. Much of the ancient cultural expression have been destructed and redefined by the later Christian settlers of the Nordic areas, this includes linguistic changes also in the Sami language. Tremendous efforts have been made to destroy the "ancient heathen religion" since the medieval period, but particularly from the 1800eds.<br />
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An old dictionary (1852) <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/norsklappiskordb00stoc" target="_blank">from Danish / Norwegian to Sami language</a> shows that the Sami (Lappish) Language have about 140 words with the letter combination “naga”. For example the Sami word "Gànagas" or "Gonagas" means "King", the word "Varranaga" meaning "bloody" or "covered in blood", the word "mainagas" that means "the prominent and wise among the people" and the expression "datanaga aige" means "at present time".<br />
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“Bodi” is in Sami language a conjugation of the verb "to come" in dative: bodi - bodime- bodide - bodiga - bodimek - bodidek. Source: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/rsonneretlappis00raskgoog" target="_blank">Ræsonneret Lappisk sproglære efter den sprogart: som bruges af fjældlapperne i porsangerfjorden</a> (1832) by Rasmus Rask.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVBRviPvPraoZOJNCSNeiJyjEOpC-UKjjbbrSqVIxyQLauDvXbhUDnzgkJGoh3dvQNy2GunJaV7Qs1Pbi1FChdOjhUFiz2Z9mEWnm98GFmjqiztrxCJKIXsCBDVmzDB8kkhGU8YsGAJFN/s1600-h/A_small_temple_beneath_the_Bodhi_tree,_Bodh_Gaya,_c._1810+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338637825722622354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVBRviPvPraoZOJNCSNeiJyjEOpC-UKjjbbrSqVIxyQLauDvXbhUDnzgkJGoh3dvQNy2GunJaV7Qs1Pbi1FChdOjhUFiz2Z9mEWnm98GFmjqiztrxCJKIXsCBDVmzDB8kkhGU8YsGAJFN/s400/A_small_temple_beneath_the_Bodhi_tree,_Bodh_Gaya,_c._1810+public.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 308px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> A small temple under a Bodhi or Bodi tree, Bodh Gaya, this temple were built in 7th century after an original built by King Ashoka in 3rd century BCE. The Bodhi tree that at the present grows in Bodh Gaya was planted in the late 1800eds.<br />
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<a href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd23.htm" target="_blank">The Bodhi Tree</a> was first mentioned in Rig Veda (1700–1100 BCE). In Buddhism the Bodhi tree is an important symbol. Buddha got enlightened <a href="http://www.katinkahesselink.net/boeddha/boeddha-troon-13900-k.JPG" target="_blank">under a Bodhi tree</a> and as you can read from the article from Buddhanet.com it is a symbol of the presence of Buddha. Trees are important in Indian <a href="http://ignca.nic.in/nl_00512.htm" target="_blank">thinking and art</a> such as in architecture. Read about it in the following site: <a href="http://www.twinshaman.com/IndiaTempleArchitecture/IndiaTempleArchitecture.html" target="_blank">India Temple Architecture</a>. Trees are central in the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" target="_blank">Greco-Buddhist art</a> and Buddhist sculptures in general: Here you can learn more about it and about <a href="http://ccrtindia.gov.in/buddhist%20sculp.htm" target="_blank">Worship of the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh</a>.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350289683935226994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_ugXZ8AFlLIC3Iqv7MVLh0wuh3qTK7f6X2VQ2aEvpfy3CmElx23FZDD5iFvYldRc1F8CI2Kt3XMakIQHuGTNE_zN6HxDncVRup_vnG0Lx6E5qW9wJUXVEBGeFM4jnm7dCIO6i6ZBdxAC/s400/Tree+Worship+relief+at+The+St%C3%BBpa+of+Bharhut+A+Buddhist+Monument+BCE.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 346px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /> Tree Worship relief at The Stupa of Bharhut A Buddhist Monument BCE.<br />
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<a href="http://cbs.ntu.edu.tw/bodhitree/en/" target="_blank">The Bodhi Tree Network</a><br />
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Worship of trees (e.g. Yggdrasil tree) was also common in the Nordic areas in pre-Christian times and at least since Iron Age.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjcPX7WxfFZpVP75TPmtmoq4X5fWN8rXdiDrMm14RTvluFM2bQvLbwLENoNNEd62ipzKur17JwEZ7KUVgujaU2ku5lHkgBudFLa4iQaB9uHIXI4CM5hR0RjSRGJKXjXIO7K3wQ4_2mJOcV/s1600-h/Fornsalen_-_Bildstein_-_Spirale,_Ornament+e_und_Schiff+by+Wolfgang+Sauber+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336392878751252706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjcPX7WxfFZpVP75TPmtmoq4X5fWN8rXdiDrMm14RTvluFM2bQvLbwLENoNNEd62ipzKur17JwEZ7KUVgujaU2ku5lHkgBudFLa4iQaB9uHIXI4CM5hR0RjSRGJKXjXIO7K3wQ4_2mJOcV/s400/Fornsalen_-_Bildstein_-_Spirale,_Ornament+e_und_Schiff+by+Wolfgang+Sauber+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 225px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 78%;">The world or life tree in the center of the Sanda picture stone from Gotland in Sweden (400 - 600 CE). Photo is cropped and modified from a Wikimedia photo by Wolfgang Sauber (2007).</span><br />
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The Swedish archbishop Olaus Magnus retold many stories about serpent worship in his historical accounts and even if serpents were not worshiped in Southern Sweden in the 1500eds there were still remains of serpent worship in the stories among common people. James Fergusson mentions in the book “Tree and Serpent Worship” (1873) that the Sami people still worshiped serpents and trees in the early 1800eds.<br />
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”Castren in his travels in Lapland, gived some very curious details about the feelings of the Lapps with regard to serpent and tree worship at the present day: “Reiseerinnerungen aus den Jahren 1838 – 1844". At the same time it seems tolerably clear that such a serpent mythology as existed in Sweden could never have sprung up naturally in so northern a climate, were all the snake tribe are so insignificant. It must have been imported from the East, though we have yet to learn by whom this was done, at what exact time it was effected.” (End of quote from Source: <a href="http://books.google.no/books?id=jhOtFpEt9l8C&dq=%22Mythology+and+Arts+in+India%E2%80%9D+Fergusson&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=TSXu1vYHvN&sig=AmkH08dkx9bAmOH8O8q61edBgpk&hl=no&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result" target="_blank">Tree and Serpent Worship Or Illustrations of Mythology and Arts in India</a> by James Fergusson, London (1873). Comment: It is told in several ancient texts (e.g. Jordanes, see references) that the first Scandinavian Goths came to Scandinavia a few hundred years before Common Era.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaUXKfUargHwltJgYt5MV8GRGOjV6TeAKrMZ9FVD62B_QE3yHgGYjafkIaHtkak6QmcerxNyHL0oT9gKCdGJofF09NlRNNLM_can0rlSmEQesNYqIN6dpQ2qxbaxOiG9slQGL-VHvhdvr4/s1600-h/overhogdal+Tapeten+sweden.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336395442969560034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaUXKfUargHwltJgYt5MV8GRGOjV6TeAKrMZ9FVD62B_QE3yHgGYjafkIaHtkak6QmcerxNyHL0oT9gKCdGJofF09NlRNNLM_can0rlSmEQesNYqIN6dpQ2qxbaxOiG9slQGL-VHvhdvr4/s400/overhogdal+Tapeten+sweden.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 166px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 224px;" /></a> A segment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verhogdal_tapestries" target="_blank"> Överhogdal tapestries</a> dated to 800 – 1100 CE found in Överhogdal, Härjedalen in Sweden.<br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqTyOwnVfgC9wzaZOqfzT4hSiGnW0ugyuR9KJu_13bTIkM3GypCh0GZ0G2jPOjDcXvlvkoT8bNghgrxiDs-83N7y2PkSJNISPfZfnIBbTyWxAj_F6fJX7cgPP9haalPSVmgRDrXV45fzu/s1600-h/AM_738_4to_Yggdrasill.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336387431986624450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqTyOwnVfgC9wzaZOqfzT4hSiGnW0ugyuR9KJu_13bTIkM3GypCh0GZ0G2jPOjDcXvlvkoT8bNghgrxiDs-83N7y2PkSJNISPfZfnIBbTyWxAj_F6fJX7cgPP9haalPSVmgRDrXV45fzu/s400/AM_738_4to_Yggdrasill.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 400px; width: 129px;" /></a></center> The Nordic mythology world tree “Yggdrasil” with the animals that live in it and of it e.g. a squirrel called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatosk" target="_blank">Ratatoskr</a> and at the bottom a reptile called “Nidhogg Nagar” or “Nydhogg Nagar”. Source: From the 17th century Icelandic manuscript.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtn4l3LLtxST8IVc5GNKzfYi-wlvvFjO2vJyBIqCW5fgIySmFAlCzeKYn4WbSowP7M5hfIKgOMwipCKdlftOewvgAGrfeXRQaIi56G02LwggbMlgD3H8Ah9ecYD4Jk9wXXG_jYnMJbUqPr/s1600-h/Rollag_stavkrk+by+eaglestein+2008+wikimedia.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336476789834729810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtn4l3LLtxST8IVc5GNKzfYi-wlvvFjO2vJyBIqCW5fgIySmFAlCzeKYn4WbSowP7M5hfIKgOMwipCKdlftOewvgAGrfeXRQaIi56G02LwggbMlgD3H8Ah9ecYD4Jk9wXXG_jYnMJbUqPr/s200/Rollag_stavkrk+by+eaglestein+2008+wikimedia.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 114px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 78%;">Tree decoration from Rollag Stavkirke in Norway. Wikimedia photo by eaglestein (2008).</span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5351976824753576082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8H5o36fbJw3IXhr3eqaOsKuxV3gZFJfkXYnSGr9g8PcjCjw2iJiR4MDTrzk9O5O3lq_ESaC_47cl55LNun9pq_5NloFDfX1FgjN5U2mdkgGK3zUiex6wQjkqVwFvD_a4ZvgIGKXixzAmv/s400/Tree+ornament+from+Torshov+Akershus+Norway+800+-+900+CE.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 364px;" /> A Tree ornament from Torshov Akershus Norway 800 - 900 CE.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 180%;">Endless Knot</span></span></span></center><a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335312010441977522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNfUAOht4oojXTDnLCSJJPclfICTXbhxw3jc038tZk4sXD42WaA1Tx2YWzWxd9gDHu53OL2DfmQ5bvsM4KS-Q5wELoWI3UwoPB4wEYdTyh0rLMuK9tmq2rt84eutNe_E5LZCXf-B8E5Ax/s400/Havor+in+Hablingbo+gotland+in+sweden+400+-+600+ce.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 332px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" target="_blank"> Iron Age Gotland Picture stones in 3D</a> (Sweden). Photo credits to: <a href="http://www.gotlandsmuseum.se/" target="_blank">Gotlands Museum</a>. Photographer: Raymond Hejdström.<br />
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Endless knots were part of the Symbolism in heathen Nordic religion. Such a knot is Pictured in a <a href="http://www.gotmus.i.se/1engelska/bildstenar/bilder/havor_a1.jpg" target="_blank">Stone from Havor</a> from Hablingbo, Gotland in Sweden dated to 400 – 600 CE. This endless knot is simpler than the Buddhist hexagram.<br />
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<center><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5330855648372164098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZVxyrMOp_64-WmTjMByQKUPds0D3f9Pb9PpjWeGoY744ogTStEX0ITFURwELxmZW1TC-F9ttCXS8_h8cVI3XSWkm1vH4sqLyhlMfM5vRL1imOXgWcXnROtHOPF16XvkqwZQswtN1tC92-/s200/EndlessKnot+blue.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 200px; width: 164px;" /></center><br />
The Jaina Buddhist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivatsa" target="_blank"> Shrivatsa</a> (sanskrit) or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_knot" target="_blank">Endless Knot</a> is seen in the given URL is one of the 8 sacred Dharma symbols of Buddhism. In Sanskrit "ashta" means 'eight'.<br />
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<center><span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 180%;">The Flaming Gem</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">The flaming jewel or Mani is a symbol in Buddhism. <a href="http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/arty/symb1.htm" target="_blank">Traditional Roots of Buddhist Symbols and Rituals</a>: “before first century AD, Buddha was only represented on the relief scupltures of Stupas at Bharhut (Southwest of Allahabd, Pakistan) and Sanci (Madhya Pradesh) such as footprints, Bodhi Tree or a flame." (End of quote from the given URL).<br />
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The flaming jewel similar symbol in the following photo is a picture stone from Laxare, Boge at Gotland in Sweden. Very likely it is dating back to Iron Age.<br />
<a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335301442459262882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNRFfY1lCSuC1WMfUx4B61W0ELKYXlt1GUGpPkG_IPe8BS72th9LYusvb_-rInRie2lDnZCmOIl5jYMSfvH0FQeZrvPKi4guAOP3pAndBH-EqfEd3DeGdIPgb3j0tkyrsyAwe9AJT3u2N/s400/Laxare+in+Boge+Gotland+Sweden+iron+age.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 313px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.wec360.com/public_server/fornsalen/fornsalen_bildstenshallen/popup.html" target="_blank"> Iron Age Gotland Picture stones in 3D</a> (Sweden). Photo credits to: <a href="http://www.gotlandsmuseum.se/" target="_blank">Gotlands Museum</a>. Photographer: Raymond Hejdström.<br />
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The same type of flaming jewels are often seen in ancient traditional Tibetan Rugs:<br />
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<a href="http://www.jozan.net/2006/Animal_trappings_Tibet.asp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335341948068073090" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn7POE8ymlBeUxUpv9ocXdhnp5ihXMJjS_BTFF4TEmqrfJ5KAPvYftBnZ2wbr8btuLdPURffkGPzoqbesQdkMnx735F4mLKEP-xLGsDdZk2zZAtacXjDd70G1_TXeE92HL1Ge4Wz1I72P7/s400/2-86tt2.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 247px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Tibetan flaming gem symbol on a rug. Photo credits to Thomas Cole and <a href="http://www.jozan.net/2006/Animal_trappings_Tibet.asp" target="_blank">Jozan.net</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7b-jJSS2chM5MIjrQVb1B9rDAfubK4dYf3J2qheq_sx9HMRHNrMegW-vSwaEgWD-P1jJ0r5_ad-PMT1fJbijdTFh2aPHKrDoPea5kPz9HIZsCb5tXlf8bQhp7BFTHEUfGyAY-M6yfR0K/s1600-h/Gandhara,_devotee,_II-II_secolo_dc+by+sailko+2009+wikimedia+gnu.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336477415537779602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7b-jJSS2chM5MIjrQVb1B9rDAfubK4dYf3J2qheq_sx9HMRHNrMegW-vSwaEgWD-P1jJ0r5_ad-PMT1fJbijdTFh2aPHKrDoPea5kPz9HIZsCb5tXlf8bQhp7BFTHEUfGyAY-M6yfR0K/s320/Gandhara,_devotee,_II-II_secolo_dc+by+sailko+2009+wikimedia+gnu.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 226px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 78%;">Gandhara devotee holding a flaming jewel, 1 - 2 century. Photo by sailko (2009) wikimedia. </span><br />
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“The Precious Jewel or Flaming Gem, known as <span style="font-style: italic;">mani</span> (Tib. Nor-bu) or <span style="font-style: italic;">cintamani</span> (Tib. <span style="font-style: italic;">nor-bu dgod-hdod dpunys-hjom</span>) , corresponds to the <span style="font-style: italic;">Manipura-Cakra</span>, the solar plexus or navel centre, where the 'Inner Fire' (<span style="font-style: italic;">tapas</span>, Tib. <span style="font-style: italic;">gTum-mo</span>) of yogic integration is kindled” (End of quote from <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fbot%2Fpdf%2Fbot_06_03_full.pdf" target="_blank">Rgyal - Srid Rin – Chen Sna - Bdun</a> by Lama Anagrika Govinda, Bulletin of Tibetology, 1969.<br />
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Both the Swastika and the Flaming Jewel are ancient symbols in Asia. The Swastika is at least dating back to 1500 BCE (over 3500 years ago) and the Harappan cultual era. This symbol is present in many old cultures in Asia, America and in Scandinavia. The most ancient <a href="http://www.tacentral.com/history/metsamor2.htm" target="_blank">Swastika from Geghama Mountains of Armenia</a> is dated to the neolithic period (about 10000 years ago).<br />
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<center><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Lion<br />
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The Lion is the most powerful Buddhist symbol according to the following Site: <a href="http://www.viewonbuddhism.org/general_symbols_buddhism.html" target="_blank">Buddhist Symbols</a><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5338636256365164850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXVn4AjzwdkPds9ynuSsRfVGVGKYd2-di7tgCsUbBcsv9JiYM-3TLz4eLIC43WJFYFF8v493SBfJd3tajyftXmzH3DgeE_pDADnC27XDs19m4XWxzT1405HgPMveGYsSAQ16q6czgdzvN7/s320/450px-Asokanpillar1+Asokan+pillar+at+Vaishali,+Bihar,+India+by+mself,+2007+wikimedia+share+alike.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 240px;" /> <span style="font-size: 78%;">Asokan pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India by mself, 2007 Wikimedia. Now at the Indian Museum in Calcutta.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Temple Guardian Lions in Norwegian Stave Churches</span><br />
Unexpected, there were lions seated on each side of the port in some of the medieval Norwegian Stave Churches, in the same way as the lions in Buddhist Asian Temples. In India and the rest of Asia these lions were called “Temple Guardians”. These carved lions is one among several other ornaments that makes me wonder if the most ancient of these churches really were built as heathen temples that later were rebuilt to Christian Churches. Many of the ancient Stave Churches dates back to a period when it is known that the old heathen religion were still practiced particularly in the present areas of Norway. What is now called Sweden was Christianized earlier than present Norway, and there are many archeological finds even in southern Sweden dated to 1100 - 1200 that clearly have heathen symbolism.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWd9kYoank2JD0K3Ov88yQepnC3PmPrA-V6z8_x80JgmZ-NXKxYaRby3qBYiHC-ad4O-ZqXJnGglCwmla1LymsVEpw0FqpZIJL22jJZfAosAfxHXs0KW6tjN1yFCSsH4YoXWJ2XcP2I5yK/s1600-h/Borgund.4.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327157833782223810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWd9kYoank2JD0K3Ov88yQepnC3PmPrA-V6z8_x80JgmZ-NXKxYaRby3qBYiHC-ad4O-ZqXJnGglCwmla1LymsVEpw0FqpZIJL22jJZfAosAfxHXs0KW6tjN1yFCSsH4YoXWJ2XcP2I5yK/s400/Borgund.4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 229px;" /></a> <span style="font-size: 78%;">Wooden Carved Lion Pedestal. Borgund Stave Church in Norway. Photo:Nina Aldin Thune User:Nina-no</span><br />
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As you see from this pillar Acanthus leaves was a common ornament in Iron Age and Medieval Era in the Nordic, as it were in ancient India and Hellenic areas.<br />
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Compare the Medieval Wood Carved ornaments with the lions on pillars in the Indian Lakshna Devi Temple at Bharmaur from ca. 700 CE:<br />
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<center style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><a href="http://www.kamit.jp/05_wooden/3_fusion/xbharmaur.htm" target="_blank">Wood Carvings and Lion on pillar</a></span> <span style="font-size: 130%;">(India in the URL)</span><br />
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</center>You can see carved <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/28772513@N07/3566305007/sizes/l/in/set-72157618822511242/" target="_blank">Acanthus Leafs</a> in another medieval stave church in the linked site and in the following photos.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1n-Mce37pGHIYk1WJR9_KuhCYi8J7BdysjGb213_wbd5rxuNriYqsmCKro1b9eFdlLrSgYttjroQFRrC6afeI2UnOdTleUmv3BQJkvikMPWpo_3WMK-wHgh8pPDvXwSPv6pdtt2KyflQR/s1600-h/Portal+stavkirke+historisk+museum+oslo+sm.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327178535010542738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1n-Mce37pGHIYk1WJR9_KuhCYi8J7BdysjGb213_wbd5rxuNriYqsmCKro1b9eFdlLrSgYttjroQFRrC6afeI2UnOdTleUmv3BQJkvikMPWpo_3WMK-wHgh8pPDvXwSPv6pdtt2KyflQR/s400/Portal+stavkirke+historisk+museum+oslo+sm.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 245px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.khm.uio.no/historisk_museum/om/index_eng.html" target="_blank">Historical museum</a> (History Museum in Oslo, Norway). This is wood carved ornaments from a portal of a Medieval Norwegian Stavkirke from Ål,<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ål Stavkirke was built about 1100 when the heathen Gods still were worshiped in the Nordic areas. Heathen Gods were still worshiped in the Nordic in the 1600eds and in a few areas as late as 1800eds. Other archaeological findings such as woven tapestries from the present areas of Sweden dated to about 1100 CE clearly have heathen symbols such as the Gods Odin, Thor and Frøy (Frö). The present Swedish areas were Christianised earlier than the present Norwegian areas. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7XOnKBF4R536n6yrFtbAzykBocsIYbnm2eC2COfZZvuI43KyFmWKM0jiBV2vb5YhDp4tRWQi2YoFGYSI5LV7y6l4FxFuyuWjWjGgfOxAVhxG2XzbeOoCLULl1jaJGS1F7Ih7VrBPO2KlB/s1600-h/Portal+stavkirke+historisk+museum+oslo+sm+-+Kopi+%282%29.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327178355362971970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7XOnKBF4R536n6yrFtbAzykBocsIYbnm2eC2COfZZvuI43KyFmWKM0jiBV2vb5YhDp4tRWQi2YoFGYSI5LV7y6l4FxFuyuWjWjGgfOxAVhxG2XzbeOoCLULl1jaJGS1F7Ih7VrBPO2KlB/s400/Portal+stavkirke+historisk+museum+oslo+sm+-+Kopi+%282%29.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 284px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.khm.uio.no/historisk_museum/om/index_eng.html" target="_blank">Historical museum</a> (History Museum in Oslo, Norway). Wood carvings.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jR4IzAgt-l8a9HOuS10g8zCAh4-LuwB9hUMBT1GuSuNgFuC7iJrQNy6RLcth2KwputWlpSFHWUNWbOe6KTCC-LA9lxA6BxeuTkUs56a8IejpHotLjrn05H1_OzWKdy30I1812aWC5Ix3/s1600-h/Lion+ornament+on+a+schist+from+1100+CE+at+Lunner_church,+Oppland+Norway.+Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350809488038205122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jR4IzAgt-l8a9HOuS10g8zCAh4-LuwB9hUMBT1GuSuNgFuC7iJrQNy6RLcth2KwputWlpSFHWUNWbOe6KTCC-LA9lxA6BxeuTkUs56a8IejpHotLjrn05H1_OzWKdy30I1812aWC5Ix3/s400/Lion+ornament+on+a+schist+from+1100+CE+at+Lunner_church,+Oppland+Norway.+Photo+by+John+Erling+Blad,+2005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 309px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Photo by John Erling Blad, 2005. Stone lion ornament on a schist from 1100 CE at Lunner church, Oppland Norway. It is dated to a time when heathen i.e. Pre-Christian religon still was practiced in Norway and the Nordic.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CgZP-2fGXriN3m26fDBkXmP3B8eCF7wuH9mP-E1d67t1uYyLvS9LqvRTZSTqea61txydnsTpH0_IUddILKnXuas5FiifHjJgBpHlrgvnOB7Szyo9oIHw0zHmJ7Uc9lkHLMTqf8WFPz2h/s1600-h/Carved%2520animal%2520head%2520Oseberg%2520Viking%2520ship%25203.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335652241959798498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CgZP-2fGXriN3m26fDBkXmP3B8eCF7wuH9mP-E1d67t1uYyLvS9LqvRTZSTqea61txydnsTpH0_IUddILKnXuas5FiifHjJgBpHlrgvnOB7Szyo9oIHw0zHmJ7Uc9lkHLMTqf8WFPz2h/s320/Carved%2520animal%2520head%2520Oseberg%2520Viking%2520ship%25203.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 228px;" /></a> The lion ornamentation in the Nordic was used before the Medieval Period. This is a carved animal that likely represents a lion is from the Oseberg Vikingship mound grave dated to Iron Age Norway, about 834 CE. There was no Christian symbols or ornaments in the Viking ship Oseberg or Gokstad mound graves that both were found in the present areas of Southern Norway.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqbrfb4INo54tp_lOyaIfto9vdeLoOczRZO6lxyNmLxezahgb_UR3Q5-qhNHyoK_fyXyXrMNaVC04P6K5t-1LiwGSQ-gyxLfwos9esKfjcLhHYR75nE2nq-rAtrdp-doLmJvLU8UHoeOLb/s1600-h/lions+and+Prakrit+Kharoshti+inscriptions+on+a+stupa+w.+relics+of+Buddha.+Kushan,+1st+century+CE.+Mathura,+Uttar+Pradesh+by+PHGCOM+2005+wikimedia+gnu.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5335652896376747858" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqbrfb4INo54tp_lOyaIfto9vdeLoOczRZO6lxyNmLxezahgb_UR3Q5-qhNHyoK_fyXyXrMNaVC04P6K5t-1LiwGSQ-gyxLfwos9esKfjcLhHYR75nE2nq-rAtrdp-doLmJvLU8UHoeOLb/s400/lions+and+Prakrit+Kharoshti+inscriptions+on+a+stupa+w.+relics+of+Buddha.+Kushan,+1st+century+CE.+Mathura,+Uttar+Pradesh+by+PHGCOM+2005+wikimedia+gnu.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 263px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> Lions and Prakrit inscriptions (Kharoshti) on a stupa with the relics of Buddha. Time period of Kushan in the 1st century CE. From Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India by PHGCOM 2005 Wikimedia.<br />
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<a href="http://www.cjvlang.com/Photos/stonelion/lionlinks.html" target="_blank">Stone Lion Links</a><br />
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<center style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 180%;">The Third Eye</span></center><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCg_Y1n798Ki_SVXKHjH4r9BhRVoFS9pJKVXBiuhYPFszMqpjzTxSmwwXWKIULNtB4H8mX6K6T_O3ju0PkEL-BOvZ65umHqGIXvU5itTRSuE4JDhI9O6f5p58T3WAb3Wcdd1Q3vxSCOia/s1600-h/Gol_stavkirke,_masker+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336282970116959170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCg_Y1n798Ki_SVXKHjH4r9BhRVoFS9pJKVXBiuhYPFszMqpjzTxSmwwXWKIULNtB4H8mX6K6T_O3ju0PkEL-BOvZ65umHqGIXvU5itTRSuE4JDhI9O6f5p58T3WAb3Wcdd1Q3vxSCOia/s400/Gol_stavkirke,_masker+public.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 223px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>Masks from Gol Stavkirke in Norway with something that might be a representation of the "third eye".<br />
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Read more about Buddha's Wisdom Eye also called <a href="http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/buddha_eyes.htm" target="_blank">The third Eye</a>.<br />
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<center><span style="font-size: 180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thunderbolt Hammers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajra" target="_blank">Vajra</a> or Dorje</span></span></center><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwcID-JcAdqNlwfmMMiG77-8i_BpLtYWktuAyieJhvrGHidK1dWUILHJX29RuXY1_Lpt0pBJ4nunYmnldBBh7VF9-DBGbkUkGMcpBAOlmTRfHO0v3AcXFflIHwfDCV_aMdTLvpQM6Bb5Xz/s1600-h/Couverture+de+livre+repr%C3%A9sentant+Prajnaparamita,+bodhisattva+de+la+Perfection+de+Sagesse,+Tibet,+13%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle,+bois.+Mus%C3%A9e+Guimet,+Paris+public.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336397313224762610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwcID-JcAdqNlwfmMMiG77-8i_BpLtYWktuAyieJhvrGHidK1dWUILHJX29RuXY1_Lpt0pBJ4nunYmnldBBh7VF9-DBGbkUkGMcpBAOlmTRfHO0v3AcXFflIHwfDCV_aMdTLvpQM6Bb5Xz/s400/Couverture+de+livre+repr%C3%A9sentant+Prajnaparamita,+bodhisattva+de+la+Perfection+de+Sagesse,+Tibet,+13%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle,+bois.+Mus%C3%A9e+Guimet,+Paris+public.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /></a> Prajnaparamita, bodhisattva from Tibet, 13ème siècle. Musée Guimet, Paris.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336764210169792738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmG25tyeBkpmxU9PdKhNvdmv3HVueD2edHWFEAPgmIAni3U-GgzfENE3ZAINo1EmGtZ_ryb7SYOxhyphenhyphenyFjHazx6MlMvp3HB8z7kVVjrH03y-57G9nY_aSzuuY_REqJ9xtm-hh3HyJOFyZ_-/s400/Seated+Buddha,+Gandhara,+1st-2nd+century+CE+Tokyo+National+Museum+by+PHG+2005+Wikimedia+GNU+file.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 274px;" /> Vajra Mudra. Tokyo National Museum. Gandhara, 2nd century by Vataraja 2005 Wikimedia<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336763926163699506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmLfAthlYMj_sOuE1v08JiCgmHyAnMsTSXTVenXdptUD2y92E6XWHqsEXMZMWs2rtphQy9DvULQfRlX0mEdzt8oFHxn7KScgjfYoblqB06HNN5k8cy594xkON2YQuIuGkEKMX5Lw7A5JgM/s320/Indo+-+Tibetan+phurba+or+Vajrak%C4%ABla+or+Vajrak%C4%ABlaya+by+frater5+wikimedia.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 74px;" /> Indo - Tibetan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurba" target="_blank">Phurba</a> or Vajrakīla or Vajrakīlaya by frater5.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijc_GcI8Kimb2WwARQ3MI3V6EfebdHZsBl8FIv4PQJZ-0DTmgcJOY9OLxUFRWOfE7SLDXVrCyjQlPIZpEPZKmnY63zjDnVQ-cNjmgyfE87BLMtLz-svTKjNBagf29GL9shyphenhyphen2ClH_A8-sWK/s1600-h/1111+Religious+item,+likely+a+septer+with+head+from+Gamlebyen+in+Oslo,+Norway+ca.+1100+-+1200+CE.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5351345034518788034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijc_GcI8Kimb2WwARQ3MI3V6EfebdHZsBl8FIv4PQJZ-0DTmgcJOY9OLxUFRWOfE7SLDXVrCyjQlPIZpEPZKmnY63zjDnVQ-cNjmgyfE87BLMtLz-svTKjNBagf29GL9shyphenhyphen2ClH_A8-sWK/s400/1111+Religious+item,+likely+a+septer+with+head+from+Gamlebyen+in+Oslo,+Norway+ca.+1100+-+1200+CE.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 206px;" /></a> Religious item, likely a scepter with head found in Gamlebyen, Oslo, Norway. Dated to ca. 1100 - 1200 CE, the heathen tradition were still likely practiced in southern Norway at that time.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEVlkFR6Pu1nAsrppfU5ILX0nN60RaHkXT_PMoAY_1OhQN2IEs8X9HZsjvt-o_ITNOvU5jMBs7M-dKK0GjGvBlSgDkCMu6O5xzf3ib3WB1rR8K7AfOHdVhXLaKLxMy0qX1N9j6kBYr0KE/s1600-h/Thorshammerswedenland-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300041844673547874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEVlkFR6Pu1nAsrppfU5ILX0nN60RaHkXT_PMoAY_1OhQN2IEs8X9HZsjvt-o_ITNOvU5jMBs7M-dKK0GjGvBlSgDkCMu6O5xzf3ib3WB1rR8K7AfOHdVhXLaKLxMy0qX1N9j6kBYr0KE/s200/Thorshammerswedenland-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 173px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a>Thors hammers from Iron Age Sweden. The following photo seems to be a photo of the same amulet.<br />
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<center><a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/bild.asp?uid=22789" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294557122496415234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXSqvonS3hBpryUk91XHYfZyZ8FHGEkod_NokotHm-bLw2oBj-GsUW4AcxkVMY3RxzlZ2s8vDsDLv30o2pwTSU4BAHFn828XI6rsU8Fj1eM4sqUFGAZL88Ko1KE0688A8M0rUna_eUCZ3T/s320/catview.historiska.se.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 146px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 97px;" /></a></center><span style="font-size: 85%;">Foto: Christer Åhlin SHM <a href="http://www.historiska.se/data?bild=22789" target="_blank"><img src="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/images/icon_link.gif" /></a> Torshammer from the Iron Age in Gold and Silver found at Ödeshög, Erikstorp in Östergötland (Gotland), Sweden. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Wy1GHk9Tx1oC_I3a7ZZPlugX22EvGHSMeR69beN41vZYswiuhegccKYvs1nv-m36HMZIVkGr-SFNOExoSB7YHtAc1Dw0YhzqYIO3ok1i2j_emUyCSCQst-ue5pdFscRjlGXMdL5eSsbI/s1600-h/Lund+katedralen+Sverige,+gumman+til+j%C3%A4tten+Finn,+foto+av+Christian+Bickel.+Her+shoes+are+cut+off..jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346020466888595714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Wy1GHk9Tx1oC_I3a7ZZPlugX22EvGHSMeR69beN41vZYswiuhegccKYvs1nv-m36HMZIVkGr-SFNOExoSB7YHtAc1Dw0YhzqYIO3ok1i2j_emUyCSCQst-ue5pdFscRjlGXMdL5eSsbI/s400/Lund+katedralen+Sverige,+gumman+til+j%C3%A4tten+Finn,+foto+av+Christian+Bickel.+Her+shoes+are+cut+off..jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" /></a><br />
From the Crypt in Lund Cathedral in Southern Sweden, the woman and child of the Giant Finn. Photo by Christian Bickel. The older part of the Lund Cathedral is built from ca. 1000 to 1100 CE, in a period when the heathen religion was actively practiced in Southern Sweden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jmUvT_Dm0r2GDUNwzVwf3fp8mEbwo6XagrVqeccT5vvYI27zY4SFIPUvIlB0e6DehKYOMtUuY5oILkwbJsr-sl_uTxyvUTyQYaa7jcQy3qYJyVJ8zve-nHKr1g3sv3Y2VA3rAq7tQm_j/s1600-h/Lund+-+Cathedral,+southern+Sweden.+Relief+of+an+angel+over+the+entrance+to+the+crypt.+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346016432956394018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jmUvT_Dm0r2GDUNwzVwf3fp8mEbwo6XagrVqeccT5vvYI27zY4SFIPUvIlB0e6DehKYOMtUuY5oILkwbJsr-sl_uTxyvUTyQYaa7jcQy3qYJyVJ8zve-nHKr1g3sv3Y2VA3rAq7tQm_j/s400/Lund+-+Cathedral,+southern+Sweden.+Relief+of+an+angel+over+the+entrance+to+the+crypt.+photo+by+Wolfgang+Sauber,+2007.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a> A relief of a figure that is interpreted as an "angel" over the entrance to the crypt holding a scepter. The crypt belongs to the older part of the Lund Cathedral, Southern Sweden. Photo by Wolfgang Sauber, 2007. In this old stone carving there is also another important Buddist symbol, the Lotus palmette ornaments under the figure.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQF4qA51-37YB42aZy8TmybBhiIeFM6yTF3DjvTKmM3djrPAg6JZpxs2NaJuZNDC6ytaNoHjH5wNTbBmVJ4k3xf3kevd5bc93e_RJvZzP70zCJCBsEvg46hJ47IuFxjgWEI40Y8mDU6jQp/s1600-h/Olaus_Magnus_-1500eds_Main_Gods_-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300036602270638642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQF4qA51-37YB42aZy8TmybBhiIeFM6yTF3DjvTKmM3djrPAg6JZpxs2NaJuZNDC6ytaNoHjH5wNTbBmVJ4k3xf3kevd5bc93e_RJvZzP70zCJCBsEvg46hJ47IuFxjgWEI40Y8mDU6jQp/s200/Olaus_Magnus_-1500eds_Main_Gods_-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 127px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a> Main Gods of the Scandinavian Goths, engraving by the Swedish archbishop Olaus Magnus, 1555. The thunder god Thor in the middle hold some sort of a hammer or a scepter. The heathen (pre-Christian) religion were still practiced by some Nordic and Russian people in the 1500 eds.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCnwcr9noZFU-QI1fsF0Iy_Wafmrgxp4sZczIfa117rsfC66ZlaeUobFCbCmpm7ynrUdY1ZYjO_MG_oxj80kiSN9nzPE-dk23EiXjFkUAv4kIPlHSjjt8yOzV0TupuNCinX36WTKF-lHi/s1600-h/laponss.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336768549762464690" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiCnwcr9noZFU-QI1fsF0Iy_Wafmrgxp4sZczIfa117rsfC66ZlaeUobFCbCmpm7ynrUdY1ZYjO_MG_oxj80kiSN9nzPE-dk23EiXjFkUAv4kIPlHSjjt8yOzV0TupuNCinX36WTKF-lHi/s400/laponss.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 247px;" /></a> A Buddha similar pre-Christian deity in the Nordic areas first published by Scheffer in the 1600eds and later by Picard in 1725. Some people in the Scandinavia and Northwestern Russia still practiced the heathen religion in the 1600eds according to Scheffer (1674). In this engraving a hammer or a scepter is held in the hand of the deity, it also have a crown on the head and an amulet on the chest.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
The deity seen in the picture resembles a Buddhist deity in India called Karttikeya, Karttikeva, Skhanda, or Skanda.<br />
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<a href="http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=22749&detail=large" target="_blank"> Skanda or Karttikeya, 601 – 700 CE</a> in India, Bhubanesvara<br />
at the Parasuramesvara Temple.<br />
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<a href="http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=2894&detail=large" target="_blank">An architectural fragment of Skanda or Karttikeya</a> 401 – 500 CE in Uttar Pradesh, India.<br />
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<a href="http://huntington.wmc.ohio-state.edu/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=showThisDetail&ObjectID=30031814&detail=large" target="_blank">Karttikeya in the Nataraja, cave 1 Badami</a>, India.<br />
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The meaning of "Skanda" is in Sanskrit 'that which is spilled or oozed, namely seed'.<br />
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Skanda rides a peacock and the peacock symbolises the Vedas, the universe or the evolutionary trend of Maya. <a href="http://murugan.org/research/seth.htm" target="_blank">According to this source</a> Skanda worship were prevalent in northern part of India very early and mentions inscriptions from ca. 415 CE.<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339058717952934034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjag4ZhVQqac_kJKztCC98TS8QBFnWgJTch-XkWk7HmyeQbgOsn7CNGjLuUFaVXUFW62S43QaTrqlConRYmLU3NdLbUj_ZHNJ20Tuj3VK7cIQcZupcf3CZfM-RO7fETzbnNDXa2vj8ch3Pu/s200/Pavomuticus.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 142px;" /> Pavo Muticus, Peacocks.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">The remains of a peacock was found in an Iron Age (about 890 CE) <a href="http://www.khm.uio.no/utstilling/faste/vikingskipene/gokstad_eng.html" target="_blank">Gokstad</a> Viking boat burial mound grave in southern Norway.</span><br />
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It is known that Picart was a propagandist of Christianity and often made rather ridiculing illustrations and descriptions of people practicing other religions.<br />
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Take a look at the images in this <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/picart/picart.html" target="_blank">URL</a> to see for instance how he illustrated Ceylonese worshiping of religious deities, and how he illustrates worshipping of Shiva in India. Picart, 1723.<br />
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These engravings and the different symbols used in the Nordic areas combined with the knowledge of the fact that the Nordic areas clearly have had some ancient influx of people from Asia indicate that people here practised an early form of Buddhism. It is well known that the Christians have systematically destructed most of the heathen religious expressions in the Nordic since the medieval period. I will add more to this blog that supports the idea of early Buddhism in the Nordic.<br />
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</div></center></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-10859421297883464702009-04-13T14:58:00.041+02:002009-10-09T04:16:33.761+02:00Asian cultures, people and old texts on the Asian origin of the Ancient Nordic Goths<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">THE ANCIENT NORDIC GOTHS AND THE ANCIENT ASIAN KHOTANS</span></span><br />There seems to be an interesting connection between the ancient Nordic Goths and the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" target="_blank">Khotan</a> people. The Khotans were according to different sources a melting pot of people from different cultures i.e. <a href="http://wsu.edu/%7Edee/ANCINDIA/ANCINDIA.HTM" target="_blank">Ancient India</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas" target="_blank">Mahajanapada</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" target="_blank">Maurya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" target="_blank">The middle kingdoms including the Kushan empire</a>), <a href="http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/forgottenempire/persia/index.html" target="_blank">Persia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" target="_blank">Greece</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" target="_blank">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibet" target="_blank">Tibet</a> and Turkestan or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" target="_blank">Turkmenistan</a> (before and during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" target="_blank">Kanishka</a>). The Khotan people inhabited in an ancient kingdom present areas of Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) and the culture in the northern – western frontier of India before and under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" target="_blank">Vedic period India</a> (a few hundred years before and after the Common Era). The Khotans were closely related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara" target="_blank">Gandhara</a> - Taxila Mahayana Buddhism of Peshawar (Read more: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" target="_blank">1. Mahayana</a>, <a href="http://www.wsu.edu/%7Edee/BUDDHISM/MAHAYANA.HTM" target="_blank">2.</a>).<br /><br />You can see a <a href="http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Images2/Maps/SilkRoad1.jpg" target="_blank">Map</a> in the following article:<br /><br /><center style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Geography/silk_road.htm" target="_blank">The Silk Road</a></span></center><br /><a href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=9163&order_by=title&showdescription=1" target="_blank">Arch Net about the northern areas of ancient "Khotan"</a>, Hotan, Hotian, Hetian, Chotan, Ho tien, Ho-T'ien, Yu-t'ien: "The Khotan Kingdom became a major center of Buddhist teaching and ritual during the spread of the religion from India to China in the second and first centuries B.C. The city was invaded in 70 A.D. by Chinese general Pan Ch'ao of the Later Han Dynasty (230-220 A.D.), although it was only briefly administered by China" (End of quote).<br /><br /><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10600" target="_blank"> Cotan, Cotam, Hotum, Khoten, Khotan, from which the useful material of manufacture, cotton, takes its name. </a><br /><br />“According to legend, the foundation of Khotan occurred when Kushtana, said to be a son of the Indian Buddhist emperor Ashoka, settled there in the early 3rd century BCE.<br />However, it is likely to have existed earlier than this as the Yuezhi (known later as the Kushans) had been trading the famous nephrite jade from the region to China for some centuries prior to this.” Source: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" target="_blank">Wikipedia: Kingdom of Khotan</a>. The ancient Khotan (Kushans) is according to the text founded by Kushtana, a son of Emperor Asoka, in the 3rd century BCE.<br />Possibly people of Khotan descent had settled India (i.e. present areas Northern and Western Pakistan and India) several hundred of years before Common Era.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU7Ctqp_FM_OySVZe-6nVtJFevoK5vbAOF89zFzOR-rYj9HUA3ZUjnIAn0Mbvv3BHO0jupFSw4zzB2JHOiQ670UceGx6vAP-rwAPoUJyEY-RBJ_J1FKdcqAXVi3Ducch9VO17kxHXEvFc/s1600-h/FromalargerockstupalifeofbuddhaGand.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 393px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU7Ctqp_FM_OySVZe-6nVtJFevoK5vbAOF89zFzOR-rYj9HUA3ZUjnIAn0Mbvv3BHO0jupFSw4zzB2JHOiQ670UceGx6vAP-rwAPoUJyEY-RBJ_J1FKdcqAXVi3Ducch9VO17kxHXEvFc/s400/FromalargerockstupalifeofbuddhaGand.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5324525940489822770" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;">Segment of a large rock stupa, the life of buddha, Gandhara from the Kushan dynasty, late 2nd century or early 3rd century CE. Exhibited: Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution. Photo by Quadell. 2005 Wikimedia.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0164.html.en" target="_blank">Ancient Khotan: Volume 1</a> by M. Aurel Stein, 1907.<br />“A text that proves that Kashmir was credited with having supplied to Khotan statuary of ancient date, a fact throwing light on the channel, or one of the channels, through which Khotan art derived its unmistakable connection with Graeco -Buddhist art of Gandhara. It is the only trace we possess of a Khotan tradition pointing to an invasion of Kashmir across the great mountain barried of the Karakorum.” (end of quote). A legend told in length both by His-yu-chi and Hsuan-tsang.<br /><br />Near Taxila (Gandhara) there is an area called Rajar and a Town called Hashtnagar, Asghatnager, Ashtnagar or Ashnagar. The Sanskrit word “Ashtnagar" means "Eight Towns”.<br />"Ashtnagar" from “Astan”, “Astau” or “Asta” (Sanskrit) meaning “eight” (Eng.) and the word “nagar” (<a href="http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/mw_dict_xhtml/a.html" target="_blank">Sanskrit</a>) meaning “Town” (Eng.)<br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">In Gothic: “Ahtau”= “Eight”. </span><span style="font-size:78%;">According to the following linked article by <a href="http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/%7Eluc/JJMarcos-2008-FontsForLATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf" target="_blank">Juan-José Marcos</a> (2008) the Gothic script style has nothing to do with the Goths, but is most likely influenced by the Christian Crusaders in Europe during the Medieval period. </span><span style="font-size:78%;">Likely it is the same with the Gothic language in general. </span><span style="font-size:78%;">The period of the Gothic script started about the 13th century and lasted to the 16th century, however in the German areas and German influenced areas Gothic scripts were still used in the 18th century. The Nordic Goths had settled the Nordic before the Common Era according to some old texts and archaeological findings. The ancient Nordic Goths used runic scripts. A tradition later preserved by the Laplander = Sami people until the 1800 eds. </span><br /><br />Back to Asia: There was probably a movement of people from the northern mountainous areas to the coastal areas of present Pakistan and India during and after the conquests of Alexander the Great about 325 BCE. You can see the areas that he conquered in the following website (red arrow)<br /><center><p></p><span style="font-size:130%;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255); font-weight: bold;" target="_blank" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A001&Pg=2">Ancient story of Pakistan</a> </span></center><br /><br /><center><span style="font-size:130%;"><a style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255); font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.murugan.org/research/gopalapillai.htm" target="_blank">Skanda: The Alexander Romance in India</a> <p></p><span style="font-size:100%;">by N. Gopala Pillai, M. A. Vol. IX (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1937), pp. 955-997. </span></span></center><br /><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 149px; height: 211px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheaOFwcCqRf7pQCMKgMK00P0jFbVmb_rpswTd2meST80ZPO8a7gd-EQkoI3-fOarBj2n_xui5iTAG0sTgyf5ta6qq3G6H9kpC7EWlRXmxIhHRucJYHSbRTemaIbSxqb-qRiiTWgL4NpAgE/s400/Ashoka2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327131395073040962" border="0" /> <center><span style="font-size:78%;">Emperor Ashoka ruled 273 - 232 BCE during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire" target="_blank">Maurya Empire</a>. </span></center><br />“Excavations of Sir John Marshal at Taxila unearthed enough proof to establish the close cultural and economic ties between Kashmir and Gandhara in ancient times when, as Heun Tsiang records, Taxila was a part of the kingdom of Kashmir” (end of quote page 51).<br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=Ancient+Khotan+kashmiri&source=bl&ots=T1nLZuxnq6&sig=7N4L61kHbsxODAu1DWqwf8h7UhA&hl=en&ei=IX7tSbGfJIPT-AaQlPS3Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA61,M1" target="_blank">Culture and political history of Kashmir</a> by Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai (1994). Read the text under the subheading “Later Immigration” from page 60 that tells about how King Asoka built a Buddhist center in Kashmir with about 5000 Buddhist monks.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPFCjnBSn7xaR53_nfofFsY47HFe9nKgTIBrpPpCigsDA9ndEr8jHVrAfxFOM7UuBLT70zEmUHNx_yskMhUySTPBFliX6NVahretrzvaFw9apuxX4HL9oxaOXn5R5ybLj7Bl7J3m03ZB2X/s1600-h/AiKhanoumAndIndia+by+PHGCOM,+2007.++Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPFCjnBSn7xaR53_nfofFsY47HFe9nKgTIBrpPpCigsDA9ndEr8jHVrAfxFOM7UuBLT70zEmUHNx_yskMhUySTPBFliX6NVahretrzvaFw9apuxX4HL9oxaOXn5R5ybLj7Bl7J3m03ZB2X/s320/AiKhanoumAndIndia+by+PHGCOM,+2007.++Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327138433929851298" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;">Distribution of the Ashokan edicts in Ai Khanoum and India by PHGCOM, 2007. Wikimedia GNU file. Read more in <a href="http://books.google.no/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Shabazgarhi&source=bl&ots=R1a3m3YbsW&sig=l7_PN_hhHekoG_8N0seng6ySAhI&hl=no&ei=pcjtSZuzK8PH-Aas2MmyDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8" target="_blank">The Buddhist architecture of Gandhāra</a> by Kurt A. Behrendt, 2004. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">KHOTAN - GOTH - JUTE</span></span><br />A language transformation of the word "Khotan" to the word "Goth" and "Jute" are found in a book by Samuel Klinger (1952): “The Goths in England: A Study in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Thought”. In this book by Kliger there is a reasoning about the word connections of “Jute” and “Gothic” and he mentions old English names that might be identical with a Geat-form:<br /><br />Northumbriam [Iote, Iotan],<br />Mercian [Eote, Eota],<br />Early West Saxon [Yete, Ietan]<br />Late West Saxon [Yte, Ytan].<br /><br />Both <span style="font-weight: bold;">Tacitus</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Jordanes</span> placed the origin of the Goths in Asia according to Klinger. This is supported by observations and texts in the Nordic. The ancient Scandinavian Goths are not the ones that brought the Gothic script to the Nordic areas, this script was introduced during the Medieval with the Christians.<br /><br />Other names are Gotones, Gutones (Pliny the Elder), Gothones (Tacitus), Gauthigoths (Jordanes), Guti (Spelman, Giles Jacob's New Law Dictionary, 4th ed.), Gotti or Jutae (English Goths), Jutae, Getae (Romans), Gutae, (De Anglorum Cambridge, 1670), Geatuni (Annales Petroburgenses), Jotuni, Jetae, Jutae and Juitae (Danish writers) and also Getae and Giotae, Gutae, Geatuni, Jotuni, Jetae, Jutae, and Juitae. From <span style="font-style: italic;">Dictionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum</span> ( London, 1722). "Geatar." Source: Klinger, (1956).<br /><br />In a book called “Eddalæren og dens oprindelse” by Finn Magnusen (1824) it is told about mythological "Giants" i.e. "Jætter" (danish language). The Swedish Sami Laplanders called the Giants for ”Jatton” and the Finlanders used several names to describe them such as “Jätit”, “Jutut”, “Jutas” or “Jattolaisit”. The younger Norwegians call them “Jutul” or “Risar”. I am ignoring the mythological semantics regarding these names mentioned by Magnusen, the syntax resemblence of these names are interesting in relation to "Khotan" and Gottan and for the ones mentioned by Klinger to e.g. Jute and Iotan. I will add more from this book by Professor Magnuson later on, including the myths of the Giants.<br /><br />The ethnicity of the Goths in general have often been confused with the Gothic script, this connection is incorrect. The ancient Nordic Goths used the futhark (Runic script) until the Medieval. The runic futhark were changed during the Medieval Era to what is called "Medieval Runes" and in some areas of the Nordic they were preserved longer and were still in use during the 1800eds e.g. in runic calendars and religious runic drums.<br /><br />The Medieval Gothic script was introduced by the christian crusaders and into the northern part of Europe, including the Nordic areas. This book might give some interesting perspectives on the christian crusaders of the Medieval Era: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/contributionstow04wienuoft" target="_blank">Contributions toward a history of Arabico-Gothic culture</a> by Leo Wiener, 1917.<br /><br />While Sweden and Denmark was christianised from Germany, Norway and Iceland was christianised from England according to <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/mar.htm" target="_blank">Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson</a>.<br /><br />Quoted from an article <a href="http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/%7Eluc/JJMarcos-2008-FontsForLATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf" target="_blank">Font for Latin Paleography</a> by Juan-José Marcos, 2008: “The name “Gothic” started as a term of deprecation; it was meant to be synonymous with rude or barbaric. Gothic style has nothing whatever to do with the Goths; according to an obsolete meaning of the word, “Gothic” meant Germanic or Teutonic. This, if the pitfall of nationalistic interpretation be avoided, represents one clue to the entire period; The Gothic style was definitively northern. It was, however, a style greatly influenced by Saracenic art – an influence that resulted from the Crusades… Roughly, the Gothic period lasted from 1150 to 1500.” (End of quote). Marcos writes that the Gothic script still was commonly used in Germany during the 1800eds.<br /><br />Most of the Nordic Saga were written in Latin with Gothic script-form. According to a study by <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/mar.htm" target="_blank">Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson</a> the first manuscripts at Iceland was written in Vernacular scripts, a few in Carolingian script, and most are written in Proto-gothic script that were used from 1300. Only one a short part (a single page) of the earliest Icelandic manuscripts was in Norwegian.<br /><br />A Reading list that might be of interest: <a href="http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/mjd/ms-bibliography.html" target="_blank">Scandinavian manuscripts & manuscript culture</a><br /><br />Comment: "Jute" is the people of ancient goth origin that inhabited Jutland in present Denmark and southern Sweden. Denmark and some parts of southern Sweden were previously called <span style="font-weight: bold;">Dacia</span>.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu1JumqTgIyEn5O1i_bax_Htp_F-hkuMmdQkVVc0HmEwJFJ1NwRsPxbBicohR9NkAEEQo7ogGAtmptKCvHyE6lLd9v9tG-eUzG6sqmYveFZPntpuOtoZZZUhKY2Md9QMfEKG1E4nlYIi8v/s1600-h/map+old+ptolemai+edition+1482.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 145px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu1JumqTgIyEn5O1i_bax_Htp_F-hkuMmdQkVVc0HmEwJFJ1NwRsPxbBicohR9NkAEEQo7ogGAtmptKCvHyE6lLd9v9tG-eUzG6sqmYveFZPntpuOtoZZZUhKY2Md9QMfEKG1E4nlYIi8v/s400/map+old+ptolemai+edition+1482.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327019681112777442" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">A 1482 edition of a map of the Nordic areas after Ptolemai or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" target="_blank">Ptolemy (90 – 168 CE)</a>. Dacia et Scantzia is marked with red. Click on the map. Internet source: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24365" target="_blank">Project Gutenberg</a><br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Were there Asians in Denmark?</span></span><br />There is evidence for Asians in Denmark before Common Era, for instance the ancient findings of Pasupati resembling figures on the Gundersrup Cauldron found at Jutland. There are also other Buddhist similar ornaments found in Denmark, some are mentioned other places in this blog. This is a photo of the Bog man – Grauballemanden, found at Jutland:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSj5kGO-18yXUqEgGJfyJLDPUAv5sn3rKCErzyVn9R6yqqaAgzwsPyYEW9WCsCPLT6P7pDZE2YMBcf_SP4tDU14rv8wLWERtts4Sm_5LmZ139PfDZhOaM84Dbwys_joX6zd5q1qdnnNeU/s1600-h/800px-Grauballemanden+by+Malene+Thyssen,+2004+Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" target="_blank" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300262315859277794" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 139px; height: 200px;" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSj5kGO-18yXUqEgGJfyJLDPUAv5sn3rKCErzyVn9R6yqqaAgzwsPyYEW9WCsCPLT6P7pDZE2YMBcf_SP4tDU14rv8wLWERtts4Sm_5LmZ139PfDZhOaM84Dbwys_joX6zd5q1qdnnNeU/s200/800px-Grauballemanden+by+Malene+Thyssen,+2004+Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:78%;"> Photo by Malene Thyssen, 2004 Wikimedia GNU</span><br /><br />This bog man mummy is called Grauballemanden and is dated 375 BCE to 52 BCE. Grauballemanden clearly was of Asian origin.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Herodotus</span><br /><a href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/jordanes/a/GothOrigins.htm" target="_blank"> Where Did the Goths Come From: Michael Kulikowski Explains That Our Main Source Shouldn't Be Trusted</a> by N.S. Gill, About.com<br /><br />“The ancient Greeks considered the Goths to be Scythians. The name Scythian is used in Herodotus (440 B.C.) to describe barbarians who lived on their horses north of the Black Sea and were probably not Goths.” The text continues: "Kulikowski says the only evidence of a Gothic people from before the third century comes from Jordanes, whose word is suspect."<br /><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ptolemy</span></span><br />The Goths might have been mentioned before Jordanes, i.e. by Ptolemy. In the map already mentioned which is a newer 1482 edition of Ptolemy from the 2nd Century CE the Goths (e.g. Gottia and Gottiam) was mentioned in Scandinavia and so were the Laplander people. It need to be checked if these were denominations mentioned by Ptolemy or Ptolemai.<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheeyVYhRi_MVPOZX7gmmBU-XEsr32pe6aUrW_HmYpMDHpozeL2MGWWnSd2bKUeEFCO71Lz7buZZQayb3F6srWEgqs5r-9IfBM-pG6gLIYEvdg1c2Xpf8eVNRcl7j6KIiLg0a8vboFYCxH/s1600-h/v1p051.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 119px; height: 65px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheeyVYhRi_MVPOZX7gmmBU-XEsr32pe6aUrW_HmYpMDHpozeL2MGWWnSd2bKUeEFCO71Lz7buZZQayb3F6srWEgqs5r-9IfBM-pG6gLIYEvdg1c2Xpf8eVNRcl7j6KIiLg0a8vboFYCxH/s200/v1p051.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300214703112680498" border="0" /></a><center><span style="font-size:78%;">Source: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24365" target="_blank">Project Gutenberg</a></span></center>As can be seen from this map Scania (present areas of Sweden) settled by the Goths and Dacia (present areas of Denmark) settled by the Jutes were one: Scania et Dacia.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/alisteditionspt00eamgoog" target="_blank">A List of Editions of Ptolemy's Geography 1475-1730 (1886)</a> by Wilberforce<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jordanes</span></span><br />Most ancient Goths were likely driven away from the areas they had settled, a fact that is mentioned by Jordanes texts about the Ancient Goths. However the timing of this happening mentioned in Jordanes must be incorrect. One reason is the continuity seen in ancient Gothic picture and runic scripts with old futhark runes. New long runes occurred after about 800 CE, however this might be part of a continuous development from the Old Futhark, after the long runes the runes developed to medieval runes. Real discontinuity was however obvious with the Christian crusaders from Germany and England in the Medieval period, they introduced Latin scripts.<br /><br />=====================================<br /><br />The mentioned ancient texts by Tacitus and Jordanes are based on retold stories and not on direct observations. Some not quite so ancient texts negate the text of for instance Jordanes, that wrote how the ancient Nordic Goths had been displaced from Sweden early in history and to areas of "Scythia" (comment: likely this was present Russia and Black Sea areas). In Jordanes words:<br />"But when the number of the people increased greatly and Filimer, son of Gadaric, reigned as king--about the fifth since Berig--he decided that the army of the Goths with their families should move from that region. (27) In search of suitable homes and pleasant places they came to the land of Scythia, called Oium in that tongue."<br /><p></p> The source of Jordanes (6th century CE): <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/origindeedsofgot00jorduoft" target="_blank">THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS</a> translated by Charles C. Mierow in "The origin and deeds of the Goths" (1908).<br /><br />All ancient Nordic Goths unlikely moved from Scandza or Scania as early as told by Jordanes (before 5th Century CE). This is known from the continuity of the Ancient Nordic Goth culture, art, jewelery, monuments, scripts and other archaeological finds. Remains of this ancient Nordic culture can still be seen in some old churches in Norway, Sweden and likely also in Denmark. The continuity lasted until the Christians violently broke down the religion and culture of the old Nordic people. The Christians for instance combined medieval runes with ornaments of the old Nordic culture, and added Christian ornaments. But soon the old culture was completely replaced and also the runes. Further south in Europe the ornamentation was clearly Christian, while the pre-Christian religion clearly have been practiced in the Nordic areas during the Medieval period and in some areas even longer. Likely the ancient Nordic people were extremely resistant against Christianity, because they already had a religious system.<br /><br /><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 199px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoYzY47AZsZa_tpwRSvjQv__dnCjqbh3u-oho5gmtr3VnxIicx_q8rNG38Udzwfazel6u-ofKn1h286pGYIKBP6O3u3RMRoYJKOkBmTTyLJgmOkE3ii5NAn7RikMc3ahlaqHjcmJ60PjAY/s400/Gravkista_med_runor_i_Botkyrka_S-1.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301803636484495570" border="0" /><span style="font-size:85%;"> An example of how old culture were mixed with the Christian is a coffin with Runic inscriptions in Botkyrka, Södermanland after Christening 1000-1100 CE. It is important to remember that the Nordic people were not all together Christians at such an early time.</span><br /><br />There are good reasons of why these old text should not be trusted alone as accurate sources or interpreted literally. Many available objections should be considered and it is important to remember that these are not scientific texts, but much is part of told stories that were written rather than reporting observed facts. It is important not to forget the political and personal interests of the authors e.g. to please their employer. In addition most of these old texts are translated from Latin, which in itself might be a source of error. Many of the text were written by the Christians who's intention was to destroy the ancient religion and culture in the Nordic. The Christians wrote down the Nordic Saga literature. "Lapponica" or "The History of Lapland" is written in Latin by Johan Scheffer and translated into several languages and this book is an excellent example in how the ancient religion in the Nordic were torn apart by Christian priests. You can find out more about this book in Saamiblog.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Some later texts told another story about the Ancient Nordic Goths</span><br />Eusèbe Salverte, Anne Joseph Eusèbe Baconnière-Salverte and Louis Henry Mordacque (1864) wrote that the Ancient Goths where driven to Northern Lapland areas (Page 48 - 51): “Just as Zoroaster teaches that Ormuzd and Mithras are constantly employed in combating the Dews, i.e. the gods of Hindustan, so the gods who had been conquered by Thor, and who with their worshippers had been driven back into the ice-bound caverns of Lapland and Finland..."<br /><br />Summarized: According to Salverte et al. the Dews are the worshipers of Thor, and the worshipers of Thor had been displaced to Lapland and Finland.<br /><br />P. Læstadius asks on page 491 in the book “Fortsättning af Journalen öfver Missions-resor i Lappmarken innbefattende årene 1822 – 1832” how the Kven people could have been replaced from Upland to Torneå without any known battles and without many traces is completely incomprehensible. They might have merged with Swedes and Lapps before they disappeared. This text by Læstadius indicates that the Kven people that first settled in Finland, and some migrated to the northern parts of Norway from 1500 to the late 1800eds have something to do with the ancient Scandinavian Goths.<br /><br /><p></p>You can read about the ancient Nordic people previously called Laplanders or Lapps in the following blog. Today the Laplanders are called "Sami" and Lapland or Lappland is called Sapmi or Sámiid Ædnan = <em>"Sámi etnan" </em>= <span style="font-style: italic;">Sami Ednan</span>. In some areas the Lapps merged genetically and culturally with the ancient Scandinavian Goths:<br /><br /><center style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);"> <span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:190px;" > <a target="_blank" href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 102);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 255);">Saamiblog</span></span></span></span></strong> </span></a></span></center><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Ancient Goths were still in Southern Scandinavia in 1600 - 1800</span></span><br />However, the texts by e.g. Jordanes and Eusèbe Salverte et al. are incorrect or only partly correct about the ancient Scandinavian Goths being displaced because they were reported to still be in the southern Scandinavian areas both during the 1600, 1700 and 1800-eds. For instance <span style="font-weight: bold;">Jaque de la Tocnaye (1801)</span> writes that the Goths are of Tatar origin and so did the Swedish and Norwegian kings, jarls, etc. This particular text by de la Tocnaye is not based on observations (source: Lindkjølen, 1995). Concepts used in literature in relation to the ethnic Asian connection of some people in the Nordic areas, such as Tatar or Huns, might have been used in lack of better ones or because of missing or erroneous information. To this day nothing is certain about when and from where the ancient Goths arrived to Scandinavia.**<br /><br />Some old texts that are based on observations in the Nordic areas additionally support the perception about the Asian origin of the Scandinavian Goths. I have translated a few of these old texts, but first I will make a short comment.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >A COMMENT ON SIMPLISTIC ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ORIGIN</span><br />Origin is a highly complex matter and the theory about clean races is a myth. From 1700 – 1800 and until recently many believed in the notion of “pure races”, a simplistic idea that has been utterly challenged in the last decade for instance with the new genetic research. The new genetic research have supported that the indigenous people of the Nordic first were of European origin, with haplogroups such as mtDNA U5b and V and YDNA I1a. These first people in the Nordic areas were likely the people called Laplanders = Find, Finns or Lapps (there are many more names on the same people). "Find"or "Finns" must not be confused with present day Finlanders. The indigenous Nordic people merged genetically and culturally with later migrating people such as the ancient Goths, and then mainly during and after the medieval period with the arriving Christian Colonists that particularly immigrated from Russia, Germany, and Netherlands.<br /><br />In some areas the ancient Nordic people without doubt had some early influx of people from Asia, but they cannot be said to be from or to originate from Asia. The Asians that migrated to the Nordic came very early and merged genetically with the aboriginal people.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">It is correct to say that <span style="font-style: italic;">some</span> of the people in the Nordic <span style="font-style: italic;">partly have</span> roots in Asia. </span><br /><br />If it is so that some of the indigenous people of Scandinavia merged genetically with people such as the ancient Asian Khotans, this will furthermore illuminate how extremely complex the matter of origin is because the ancient Asian Khotan areas were a melting pot of people from different cultures.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TEXTS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE ANCIENT GOTHS IN THE NORDIC</span></span><br />Here are a few texts based on observations in the Nordic that are translated from the works by Hans Lindkjølen (1993, 1994 and 1995):<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tuderus</span> (1638 – 1705) that observed the populations in the Nordic areas placed the origin of the Nordic Goths and also the Finlanders in Asia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jonas Rasmus (1711)</span> that described the origin of the people of Norway tells that the Goths unlikely came via land or via Lappland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Lindkjølen interpret this text to mean that Rasmus with this text suggests that Lapponia existed before the Goths came to Scandinavia.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Johannis Peringskiold (early 1700eds)</span> wrote that it is still to be told from what direction the Goths came to Scandtzia*. It is unlikely that they came via a land route from Asia and Scythia, and it is unlikely that the Goths migrated from Asia and Scythia and wandered in Lapponia and the Bothnian Fjord: because the language and customs of the people in Lapland and the Goths are very different and because old geographers such as Pytheas (300 BCE) and Jordanes that was a Goth himself called Scantzia an Island.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">* Scandtzia = Southern Scandinavia, where the Goths first settled. This text by Peringskiold suggests that the ancient people of Lapland not were of Asian origin. A suggestion that makes sense in regard to the ancient European haplogroups that are high-frequent in present Northern Scandinavian areas. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thomas Myers</span> travelled in the Nordic countries and after that wrote the book “Modern geography: Sweden and Norway” (1822). He wrote that the Goths, who originally sprung from the regions east of the Caspian Sea, are a more noble race than their northern neighbours. The Goths arrived 7 or 8th centuries before the Christian era, particularly in the south were the population is still purely gothic.<br /><br />I will later add texts from the Nordic Sagas and about them, they seem to have been written by Christians in the medieval period and the old texts of the Nordic Sagas have been changed until the 16th century. The Nordic Sagas were first known to the learned in mid 1600eds.<br /><br />Additionally translated quotes from the following book about the Asian origin of the Scandinavian Goths will be added later on:<br /><br />Hollander, A.G.: Om Gotiska Folkstammens österlandska Härkomst. Indvandring i Skandinavian och äldsta religionsformer. Borås 1889<br /><br /><p></p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >My Questions:</span><br /><br />Can it be that "Goths" is an ethnic description of different groups of Asians in Europe rather than cultural distinctive concept?<br /><br />Jordanes writes: "The same mighty sea has also in its arctic region, that is in the north, a great island named Scandza, from which my tale (by God's grace) shall take its beginning. For the race whose origin you ask to know burst forth like a swarm of bees from the midst of this island and came into the land of Europe"(End of Quote).<br /><br />In accordance with Tacitus, Jordanes and others the Goths were Asians, but in the just quoted text Jordanes makes it sound like all European Goths were from Scandinavia.<br /><br />The fact that Scandinavia was and always has been sparsely populated makes the ideas about different origin groups of European Goths appealing. It is more likely that different groups of people with a somewhat similar Asian origin populated some areas of Europe and Caucasus in different waves. Did the Nordic areas have several migrations of Asian people? Or was it people with the same partly Asian Goth origin that settled different part of the Nordic, some that merged with the indigenous Laplanders (Lapps) and some that settled in present Finland?<br /><br />Some texts are mentioned which tells that the Ancient Goths where driven to the Northern Lapland areas (Page 48 - 51): “Just as Zoroaster teaches that Ormuzd and Mithras are constantly employed in combating the Dews, i.e. the gods of Hindustan, so the gods who had been conquered by Thor, and who with their worshippers had been driven back into the ice-bound caverns of Lapland and Finland, were even then pursued by the Aijekewetschera, or formidable hammer with which the hand of Thor is armed, just as the hand of <a href="http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/mithraism.html" target="_blank">Mithras</a> was armed with a club.<br /><br />There a fresh defeat awaited them; they disappeared, and the national religion of the Laplanders, that which even now contains a mixture of the old religion with Christianity, has ever since presented to worship of the faithful entire group of these three Scandinavian deities.” (Quote from: <a href="http://books.google.no/books?id=dGsUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=salverte+history+of+the+names+of+men" target="_blank">History of the Names, Nations, and Places in their Connection with The Progress of Civilization</a> by Eusèbe Salverte, Anne Joseph Eusèbe Baconnière-Salverte and Louis Henry Mordacque (1864). Many of these old texts build on sources that might provide incorrect information.<br /><br />What is particularly interesting about this text is that it contrasts the Indian Asian religions (Dews) that have a trinity of Gods with a dualistic system. An interesting fact and as demonstrated in this blog, the trinity of Gods in pre-Christian Nordic religion continued until christianisation during the medieval period.<br /><br />It is well known that the religious symbols of the old people have been systematically destroyed in the Nordic. From the medieval period the Christians conquered the Nordic areas. The Christians simply destroyed and redefined the history of the Nordic. Likely there were fights and conflicts that has been silenced in our history. History has been constructed partly to disguise the colonizer's violence and later to justify their theft of land and resources from the ancient people.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >A relation between the Indian Jats and the Nordic and European Goths? </span><br /><br />An old book about races mention the relation between the Jats of India and the Scandinavian Goths: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/rulingracespreh02hewigoog" target="_blank">The Ruling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, Southwestern Asia, and Southern Europe </a> by James Francis Katherinus Hewitt (1894). Here is a cut and paste from this book from page 480 to 483. Such texts are not necessarily correct in every aspect but may provide some lead treads towards a deeper understanding. To me it seems that the Jats are another group than the Nordic Goths. Likely the Jats belong to a different group of Asians that settled in southern parts of Europe, and they were likely related to the R1b men of Southern Europe. The male genetic haplogroups of the first Nordic Goths were most likely R1a1 and possibly N1. I will look into and discuss this text and genetics in later blogs.<br /><br />"480.<br /><br />The two most numerous of the agricultural castes in the Muttra district, are the <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">Jats</span>, numbering 117,265 persons, and the Chaniars, 99,110. The crops grown consist almost entirely of autumn crops, Joar {Holcus sorghum), Bajra (Holcus spicatus) and cotton, and winter crops wheat, gram (Cicer arietinum) and barley — barley being the crop which is most grown, while rice crops are unknown. Hence we see clearly that the people who first cleared the land of forest were the race who grew millets, cultivated, according to the Song of Lingal, by the Gonds who were saved from the Flood and the hostility of the alligator Mug-ral, by the tortoise, and were followed by the first growers of barley, who were, as I have shown in Essay III., immigrants who had come to India from Asia Minor. Of the two most numerous agricultural tribes descended from these early immigrants, the Chamars, who are hereditary slayers<br /><br />481.<br /><br />of cattle and dealers in leather, are undoubtedly the descendants of a race of cattle herdsmen, who under Kushite rule, when the artisans were divided into septs practising special trades, became tanners and sellers of leather goods.<br />The Jats, on the other hand, are pure agriculturists, who boast that they can produce better crops from their lands than any other race of hereditary farmers. Their chiefs still hold extensive estates in the district, and it must have been they who originally cleared, not only the lands of Muttra, but also those of all the other districts west of the Ganges, in which the Jats hold a similar position as leaders of the agricultural tribes to that held by the Kurmis in Oude to the<br />east of the Ganges, in Bengal, Central India, and Bombay, where Jats are unknown.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">The Jats</span> must, therefore, be the race known in the Mahabharata and Rigveda as the Srinjaya or sons of the sickle (srini), the Panchala rulers of the Gangetic Doab, who conquered India under the Pandavas, and they must also have belonged to the tribes who formed in India the confederacy of the sons of the tortoise, for <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">they trace their descent to the land of Ghuzni and Kandahar</span>, watered by the mother-river of the Kushika race, the sacred Haetumant, or Helmend. Their name connects them with the <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">Getæ of Thrace</span>, and thence with the <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">Guttones</span>, <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">said by Pytheas to live on the southern shores of the</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">Baltic</span>, <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">the</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">Guttones placed by Ptolemy and Tacitus on the Vistula in the country of the Lithuanians</span>, <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">and the Goths of Grothland in Sweden</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">This Scandinavian descent</span> is confirmed by their system of land-tenures, for the chief tenure of the Muttra district is that called Bhayachara, in which the members of the village brotherhood each hold as their family property a separate and defined area among the village lands, according to the custom of the Bratsvos of the Balkan Provinces and the Hof-Bauers of North-west<br /><br />482.<br /><br />Germany, which I have already described in Essay II., and not the mere right to an allotted portion of the village lands held in common by the rice-growing matriarchal village communities. <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">The Getæ of the Balkans are said by Herodotus to be the bravest and most just of the Thracians</span>, <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">who worshipped one god, called Zalmoxis, or Grebeleizen, <span style="font-weight: bold;">the thunder and lightning-god</span></span>, to whom they send a messenger every five years, the mission being accomplished by throwing him on three spears and thus sacrificing him.<br />These Thracian Getæ must, as a Northern race of individual proprietors, have held their lands on the tenure existing in the Jat villages, and these Indian Jats, or Getæ, have not degenerated from the military prowess of their forefathers, for <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">those Jats, who have become Sikhs in the Punjab, are known as some of the best and most reliable Indian soldiers</span>.<br />Further evidence both of the early history and origin of the race of<span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"> Jats, or Getæ</span>, is given by the customs and geographical position of another tribe of the same stock, called the Massagetæ, or great (massa) Getæ. Herodotus describes them as living on the western shores of the Caspian Sea in the lands watered by the Araxes and its tributary, the Kur. Thus their home is the same as that of the ancient Iberians, whose mother-mountain is Ararat, whence the Araxes rises,<br />which stands almost halfway between the Caspian and Black Seas, and the names of the former sea and of the river Kur, preserve the roots kus and kur, the two forms of the name of the father of the tortoise race. It was here, in the land of Georgia, that the reverence for the rain-god as the father of life originated, and it was here, as I have shown in discussing the myth of St. George, that the festival to the plough-god, <span style="font-weight: bold;">the Naga</span>, held in the month of April-May, the original form of the Palilia of Italy, and Maifeuer of Germany was first instituted, and it is this festival which is <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 204);">still observed by the Jats of Muttra and the Gonds of Central India </span>as the Akht-uj" (End of quote).<br /><br />It is indeed interesting to see how this author as many of the same generation particularly during the late 1800-eds completely turned the facts, as if the very sparsely populated Scandinavia could have been the cradle of people in Europe, Caucasus and India. Additionally many authors of this time-period often had a "one cradle" theory of the Goths. It is more likely that the Goths came to e.g. different parts of Europe and Caucasus from Asia, than the other way around. The origin of the Goths and the Jats were unlikely in Scandinavia.<br /><br />In spite of this, the connection between the Jats and the Scandinavian Goths is a very interesting one in the perspective of this blog. I will continue to work on this text.<br /><p></p><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><br />Some references:</span><br />Lindkjølen, Hans: Nordkalotten. Oppdagelser-Ressurser-Misjon. Atheneum 1995<br />Lindkjølen, Hans: Nordisk Saga,. Tyri Forlag. 1995<br />Lindkjølen, Hans: Samene og andre urbefolkninger i Nordområdene. 1994<br />Myres, Thomas: Moderen Geography of Sweden and Norway, 1822.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.jatland.com/home/Goth" target="_blank">Goths and Jats</a><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Jat_people" target="_blank">Origin of the Jat people</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.questia.com/read/9541908" target="_blank"> The Goths in England: A Study in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Thought</a> by Samuel Kliger; Harvard University Press, 1952.<br /><br /><a href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/" target="_blank">Ancient Khotan: Volume 2</a> by M. Aurel Stein, 1907.<br /><br />I will add text from the following sites to this blog later on:<br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Regius" target="_blank">Codex Regius</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" target="_blank">Flateyjarbok</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Icelandic" target="_blank">Old Icelandic</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" target="_blank">Latin</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" target="_blank">Spread of Christianity in Europe</a><br /><a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/mar.htm" target="_blank">The Origin of Icelandic Script: Some Remarks</a> by Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson.<br /><a href="http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/cipl2005/vienne05_12.pdf" target="_blank">The origin and the development of Icelandic script</a> by Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson<br /><br />Gothic script style has nothing whatever to do with the Scandinavian Goths in particular or Goths in general, but with Saracenic art of the Christian Crusaders. Gothic is a Latin script style. The Gothic period lasted roughly from 1150 to 1500. Praegothica developed from the earlier Carolingian minuscule. <a href="http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/%7Eluc/JJMarcos-2008-FontsForLATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf" target="_blank">Fonts for Latin Paleography</a> by Juan-José Marcos, 2008.<br /><br /><br />**If there is some hold in the hypothesis about the ancient Nordic Goths being partly Khotan, the origin subject is even more complex. The ancient Khotans inhabited the areas of present northwestern India, Pakistan and China a few hundred years before and after the Common Era. The ancient Khotans were an ethnical mixed group. It has been reported in the Tibetan Annals of Khotan that their language were 50% Indian and 50% Chinese. This particular people has also been described in ancient texts of a Chinese Monk called Tang Shu or Tang S'hu<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/%7Easiamajor/pdf/1925/1925-251.pdf" target="_blank">The Language of Ancient Khotans</a> by F.W. Thomas. From “The Tibetan Annals of Khotan”: "Li (Khotan) being a country half Chinese and half Indian, the dialect of hte people is neither Indian nor Chinese ( i.e. a mixture of two). The letters resemble those of India (Rgya). The habits of the people are very similar to those of China." (end of quote).<br /><br />The ancient Khotans were a mixture of people from India and China that had merged with ancient Greek and Persians. Likely they were connected to Gandhara and Taxila, some had migrated along the mountain fringes of the Himalayas and additionally to the coastal areas of present Pakistan and India.<br /><br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA563&lpg=PA563&dq=Thomas+The+Language+of+Ancient+Khotans:&source=bl&ots=xkNrtFcM6U&sig=m5MaAFaLlACly63L3h1uv2j78O8&hl=en&ei=-2btSbD8NIKw-QaQ-aC3Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA564,M1" target="_blank">The empire of the steppes</a> by René Grousset, 1970.<br /><br /><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-6670481535526818302009-04-12T08:08:00.002+02:002009-09-29T10:59:18.805+02:00Names in Kashmir, India, and the NordicA few names of Kashmiri, Indian & Pakistani and Nordic origin.<br /><br /><p></p><br /><table face="Times,Serif" style="color: rgb(252, 249, 249);" border="3" cellpadding="1"><tbody><tr> <th><div style="text-align: center;"> <a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2173925084696542258&postID=667048153552681830" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Name</span></a></div></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nordic Names</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kashmiri Names</span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Indian</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pakistani Names</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Buddhist</span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Words</span></span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Uddevalla, Udvalla<br /></span></span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://maps.google.no/maps?hl=no&q=uddevalla&um=1&ie=UTF-8&split=0&gl=no&ei=0RnnSfTxJMqEsAa9w72GBw&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Uddevalla is a town and municipality in southern Sweden</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.archive.org/details/pt3catalogueofco01indiuoft" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Udvalla related </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.archive.org/details/pt3catalogueofco01indiuoft" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">to an ancient eastern frontier kingdom of Assam, Sarvesvari ruled by queen Shiva Shima to 1744 CE (URL page 302)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Balto</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">,</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Balti</span></span></span></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Balto (Surname)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Balti language is spoken in </span></a><a href="http://www.pbase.com/davecollier/image/65276364" target="_blank">Baltistan</a> & <a href="https://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/972/1/RCSPC-CHRISTY-Y3022V-033.jpg" target="_blank">Ladakh</a> of Kashmir. </th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Turi</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Turi </span></span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(Surname)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Turi (Nick name for gothras)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Aga</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Aga </span></span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(Surname)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Aga (Surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Dass</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Dass </span></span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(Surname)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Dass (Surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/surnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Dass(i) (Surname, India) </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Padar</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Padar , Paadar (Surname)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Padar (Nick name for gotras)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Walle,</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Valle</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Walle, Valle</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(Surnames)</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Walli, Wallu (Surnames)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Bror</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Bror, first name,</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">meaning “Brother”</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Bror (Surname meaning “cat”)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Mandal</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Mandal (place</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">name in southern</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Norway)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Mandal (Surname for 'buttocks' or </span></a><a href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank">nick name for gotras</a>)</th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/surnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Mandal(ik) (surname, India)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Mandala has meaning in Buddhism. The concept first appeared in RigVeda.</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Jan</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Jan (Male first</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">name)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Jan, Janh(Male first name & nick name for gotras)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"></span></span><span></span></a><span><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Siv</span></span></a></span></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Siv (Feminine first name)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Siv (Male first name)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kashmiri.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Siva, Shiva (Kasmiri Buddhist Shaivism)</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"></span></span><span></span></a><span><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Sajet (s),</span></span></a></span><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"> <span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Saijet (s)</span></span></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Sajets, Saijets</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(Surname)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=1G1GGLQ_NONO293&q=kanpur+india&um=1&ie=UTF-8&split=0&ei=TPLgSbauB4KFsAaFmtjjCA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Sajet, Sajeti (place name, Uttar Pradesh between Ghatampur and Hamirpur)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Ugra</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Ugra (Surname and nick name for gotras)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kl9RXSmfeZ0C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=A+Few+Good+Men:+The+Bodhisattva+Path+according+to+The+Inquiry+of+Ugra+%28Ugrapariprccha%29&source=bl&ots=DpYPkvcJeI&sig=X8Sya84bu7Ha8xKfevYR_43dDxE&hl=en&ei=yeTgSbrcL8KRsAauu7XfCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">”Ugra Sutta” ancient script *, Mahayana Buddhism</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Soppero, Sopor (e)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&abauth=914da230%3ALF3zvrUlJfY1KLRDDReINHqoMjM&view=text&hl=en&q=soppero+sverige&btnG=Search+Maps" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Soppero (Place</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">name, northern</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Sweden near Kiruna)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Sopor, Sopore (Place name and surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Dal, Dahl</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Dal, Dahl (common</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">surnames & word</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">for</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">“valley”)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Dal (Surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Dal & Dahl (Hindi, Urdu, Nepalese word)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Tana,</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Tanha</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Tana (place</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">name, Norway</span> </span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Tanha (Surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://books.google.no/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=Merv+Fowler+tanha&source=bl&ots=JaO2A2debJ&sig=QM48PGvoYJFzx26Ozodb847uLyI&hl=no&ei=OyjhSfzNK9aKsAbspuzVCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Tanha means </span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanha" target="_blank">thirst</a>, carving or desire in Buddhism</th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Magga</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Magga (Surname</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">and feminine</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">first name)</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Magga (surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://books.google.no/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=Merv+Fowler+magga&source=bl&ots=JaO2A2de8E&sig=Q2XOvlpcmsZEwYC0xUG-HmgWWf8&hl=no&ei=3CrhSYnjPNuKsAaMqrDcCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">The 4.th of the 8.th (dharma) noble truths of the path (way) to Nirvana. According to Merv Fowler (1999): Magga is the way to end Dukkha.</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Jota or Jute</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.questia.com/read/9541908" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Jute (name of people of </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Jutland, ancient</span></span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Denmark or</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Dacia inhabited</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">by the ancient</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Nordic</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"></span></span><span></span></a><span><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.questia.com/read/9541908" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Goths)</span></span></a></span></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Jota (surname and nick name of gotra)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Jotshi</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Jotshi (nick name of gotra)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Zutshi</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Surname</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Utz, Utsi, Utze</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Surname</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Lukkar(i), Lukhar, Luhkkár</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Surname</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Sami</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Sami (cultural</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">descriptive</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">name)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/surnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Sami (name in Punjab, Punjabi)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Somby, Sombi</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Somby</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">(surname)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Sombi (first name)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/kpnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Sombi (sambhu or Lord Shiva)</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Kar, Kahr</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Kar: Scandinavian</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">word for man,</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">bloke, guy. In</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Norwegian also</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">for container</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Kar (surname)</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Naga(s), Nagar</span><br /></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">”Gonagas” "Gánagas" (Sami</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">language for</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">king). "Nidhogg Nagar" is a name of a dragon in Nordic Mythology. See previous posting in this blogg.<br /></span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/surnames.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Nagas, tribe name and for serpents</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Nick name for gotra, and placename (e.g. srinagar, or ancient “ashtnagar” </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">or </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">“hashtnagar”). “Nagar” </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">(</span></a><a href="http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/mw_dict_xhtml/n.html" target="_blank">Sanskrit</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">)</span> meaning “Town” (Eng.)</th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhismglossaryn/g/nagas.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Nagas, </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhismglossaryn/g/nagas.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Serpent </span></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddhismglossaryn/g/nagas.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">beings</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Salman</span></span></a></th> <th style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">first name and nick name for gotra</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);"></span></span><span></span></a><span><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Kem, Kemdal</span></span></a></span></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Nick names for gotras</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">Vangar</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/eichorn.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Word in old</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">Nordic e.g.</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">“biartir vangar” (vangar means "cheeks", the word appeared in </span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);">rigsThula)</span></span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://ikashmir.net/names/gotras.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">Nick name for gothra</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> <th><a style="color: rgb(212, 195, 228);" href="http://www.blogger.com/%20" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 255);">-</span></a></th> </tr><tr> </tr></tbody></table><br /><br />**A book about the Ugra: <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kl9RXSmfeZ0C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=A+Few+Good+Men:+The+Bodhisattva+Path+according+to+The+Inquiry+of+Ugra+%28Ugrapariprccha%29&source=bl&ots=DpYPkvcJeI&sig=X8Sya84bu7Ha8xKfevYR_43dDxE&hl=en&ei=yeTgSbrcL8KRsAauu7XfCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3" target="_blank">A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)</a> by Jan Nattier (2003).<br /><br /><a href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/93605.htm" target="_blank">Manjusri and the Cult of the Celestial Bodhisattvas</a> by Paul M. Harrison, 2000. <br /><br /><a href="http://www.ee.adfa.edu.au/staff/hrp/personal/Sanskrit-External/mw_dict_xhtml/n.html" target="_blank">Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary - n</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ukonline.co.uk%2Ftheravada%2Fnibbanacom%2F043161.pdf&ei=QJbhSdCQMtGasAbW5vzQCA&usg=AFQjCNEoAzTzJKaSq--LSDsdr-y0wgCGcA&sig2=sdLNQ-YfxeOz422F5p8rbQ" target="_blank">Peshawur</a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 255);font-size:78%;" >Udvalla, Uddevalla, Aikio, Balto, Balti, Baltistan, Ladakh, Ladak, Turi, surname, surnames, name, names, gothras, gotras, gotra, Aga, Dass, Dassi, Padar, Paadar, Nick name, first name, Walle, Valle, Walli, Wallu, Bror, Mandal, Mandalik, Mandala, Buddhism, RigVeda, Jan, Janh, Siv, Siva, Shiva, Saivism, Kashmir, Kashmiri, Punjab, Punjabi, Pakistan, Pakistani, India, Indian, Sajet, Sajets, Saijets, Uttar Pradesh, Ghatampur, Hamirpur, Ugra, Ugra sutta, Mahayana, Soppero, Sopor, Sopore, Kiruna, Sweden, Norway, Dacia, Denmark, Scandinavia, Scantzia, Dal, Dahl, Hindi, Urdu, Nepalese, Tana, Tanha, Magga, Dhamma, Nirvana, Fowler, Magga, Dukkha, Jota, Jute, Jutland, Goths, Göter, Göte, Gøter, Gøte, Jotshi, Zutshi, Utz, Utsi, Utze, Lukkar, Lukkari, Lukhar, Luhkkar, Sami, Somby, Sombi, Sambhu, Kar, Kahr, Gonagas, Nidhogg Nagar, Naga, Nagas, serpent, serpents, reptiles, reptile, dragon, dragons, Srinagar, ashtnagar, hashtnagar, Peshawar, Peshawur, Gandhara, Rajar, Salman, Kem, Kemdal, Vangar, Biartir vangar, Ugrapariprccha, Bodhisattva, Kanishka </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-49793120424822276662009-02-11T12:39:00.046+01:002010-03-22T21:44:05.416+01:00The Runes of the Ancient Nordic Goths and other ancient Scripts<img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 254px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300023836560787570" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHzMl4vgI1gWL_59eLGh0GCegbESm0kVIInNUrO48jEQzZwpehnchuxWitYEdEP0xzPUODFqXLpvMjp95OX_cIx5sBhVNFX477asgFcQv2h6By1C3JPg2vXBp3L_UyySxSHPCwjpIxoZN/s400/The_Alphabet_of_the_Geats-OlausM-1.jpg" /><br />Elder Futark Runic Script Symbols, from Olaus Magnus 1555. Read the following website: <a href="http://www.antalya-ws.com/futhark/" target="_blank">Mystery of the Futhark Alphabet</a>.<br /><br />According to the following linked article by <a href="http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/JJMarcos-2008-FontsForLATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf" target="_blank">Juan-José Marcos</a> (2008) the Gothic script style as seen with small fonts in the illustration over has nothing to do with the ethnicity of the Goths, but was most likely introduced by the Christian Crusaders in Europe during the Medieval period. Likely it is the same with the Gothic language in general. The period of the Gothic script started about the 13th century and lasted to the 16th century, however in the German areas and German influenced areas Gothic scripts were still used in the 18th century. The Nordic Goths had settled the Nordic before the Common Era according to some old texts and archaeological findings. The ancient Nordic Goths used runic scripts. It is documented that the runic script after the Medieval and still in the 1800eds were preserved by the Laplander = Sami people in runic drums and calendars (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/28772513@N07/3667739352/" target="_blank">an example</a>). Read more in the blog post from 13/04/09: Asian cultures, people and old texts on the Asian origin of the Ancient Nordic Goths. There are pictured other examples of Runic scripts from the Nordic areas in other postings of this blog.<br /><br /><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 375px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 398px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354898606592240162" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1P10uEi7y2va6jqfOqwiFLipb2BqY1fpTChjNIEQAGMTm_9u1b2i2hjj_bqGpoXPV8clxbzqQ5eY3bbuNR0If1i6dkDmD9XBNHtDcZx2faopXA4mQwNTvdA7KLYme0l2JgkrKvp9rsYOJ/s400/VadstenabrakteatenThe+Vadstena+brakteat,+Sweden+about+6th+century+public.jpg" /> The futhark on the Vadstena brakteat, Sweden. Dated to the 6th Century. It is written from right to left.<br /><p></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlhSxMRO3jJ9Otn3A51gpm8iw_x2dfUz8LS-yd8f5JWREIWGRYH1VaEfKZ1qnOClxoKGTgeAsp9T6Q4cLUIq9b9T3nzSOeP5UMAsouQTd3KsO2IXcDCA_29aIuyXxJTYQvVLBq62Wcy-7s/s1600-h/Kylverstenen_2.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 232px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354897900991300818" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlhSxMRO3jJ9Otn3A51gpm8iw_x2dfUz8LS-yd8f5JWREIWGRYH1VaEfKZ1qnOClxoKGTgeAsp9T6Q4cLUIq9b9T3nzSOeP5UMAsouQTd3KsO2IXcDCA_29aIuyXxJTYQvVLBq62Wcy-7s/s400/Kylverstenen_2.jpg" /></a> Kylver runestone from Stånga in Gotland, Sweden. Dated to about 400 CE. Some of the runes from this and other early runic scripts in the Nordic were later turned.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXS6Lg_eBsTi8PRYevoLbS0FzDQ4TUjg1lZsV_0jXjmFqjIkS0jOwJgRFXEjzmh0PZVIelkiUFtFtO4wwDkMzQAzRQ7lJfvQ9U6YiG8KNWDmcuPpaEEVWGzbiqW1Xhjdhyfs4kxEkcoyg5/s1600-h/Vadstenabrakteaten_futhark+Vadstenabrakteatens+futhark+renritad.+The+futhark+on+the+Vadstena+brakteat,+Sweden+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 32px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353446635526664450" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXS6Lg_eBsTi8PRYevoLbS0FzDQ4TUjg1lZsV_0jXjmFqjIkS0jOwJgRFXEjzmh0PZVIelkiUFtFtO4wwDkMzQAzRQ7lJfvQ9U6YiG8KNWDmcuPpaEEVWGzbiqW1Xhjdhyfs4kxEkcoyg5/s400/Vadstenabrakteaten_futhark+Vadstenabrakteatens+futhark+renritad.+The+futhark+on+the+Vadstena+brakteat,+Sweden+public.jpg" /></a>The futhark on the Vadstena brakteat, Sweden. Dated to the 6th Century.<br />Compare to the following script is from Gandhara, Kharosthi, found in Hashtnagar (earlier name is Ashnagar) and dated to 384 of an unknown era.<br /><p></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6nceOjdIHtaB7Z5Sz59sFN-0JAdfStmgrwflojSwkypuNb2mzgoSCAFWci0P897F-jcwTZw5tyJDyodH2MRlB2GIb-EaQYna5WkQqKUrVBztHMSEcrxY-2czzozYwjkRnCpRslaRt5vuE/s1600-h/Gandhara+relief+-+Kopi+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="WIDTH: 400px; HEIGHT: 30px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305077156225367586" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6nceOjdIHtaB7Z5Sz59sFN-0JAdfStmgrwflojSwkypuNb2mzgoSCAFWci0P897F-jcwTZw5tyJDyodH2MRlB2GIb-EaQYna5WkQqKUrVBztHMSEcrxY-2czzozYwjkRnCpRslaRt5vuE/s400/Gandhara+relief+-+Kopi+-+Kopi.jpg" /></a> The Gandharan or Kharostihi script is used at least since the time of Ashoka, some of his edicts from the northwestern areas of present India and Pakistan was written in Kharosthi. Like the first Nordic Runes the earliest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" target="_blank">Kharosthi</a> scripts were commonly written from right to left, but some inscriptions were from early on written from left to right. Compare the symbols at the side panel of the Hashtnagar (Ashnagar) Gandharan pedestal with the 13th - 15th runic symbols on the Kylver runestone from Iron Age Sweden.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTj5vrGtga-38zgGKz-1oF64oYRPlHieA_AFSRKNEAelMQJEK_FnNGnX4-9sck0LYf8LTJburCakb6vtk9chHnfjDCzHersPt-1wHGiYxAPipxyJrAuMHJqlkWgaNn6L1LgSCHnpZlcjsZ/s1600-h/Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 193px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355763544439423538" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTj5vrGtga-38zgGKz-1oF64oYRPlHieA_AFSRKNEAelMQJEK_FnNGnX4-9sck0LYf8LTJburCakb6vtk9chHnfjDCzHersPt-1wHGiYxAPipxyJrAuMHJqlkWgaNn6L1LgSCHnpZlcjsZ/s400/Hashtnagar_Pedestal_Rajar_Bodhisattva_Gandhara_384_exhib_British_Museum.jpg" /></a> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh75iE2oKgnv5SxRAy2GXPbnAoTvMxsWJNkC0nLAYvLJo6VDR2_GCGG6Z3OOPvH-DCIYLxdFaClZOILaqyDECUnHnZqY_GCKZxDoS7oTgDOYeUHMPXYJPqGSf0y3sS163y-ky4Zel8Kk_s4/s1600-h/Kylverstenen_futhark.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 65px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354899497007429170" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh75iE2oKgnv5SxRAy2GXPbnAoTvMxsWJNkC0nLAYvLJo6VDR2_GCGG6Z3OOPvH-DCIYLxdFaClZOILaqyDECUnHnZqY_GCKZxDoS7oTgDOYeUHMPXYJPqGSf0y3sS163y-ky4Zel8Kk_s4/s400/Kylverstenen_futhark.jpg" /></a> Kylver stone from Stånga in Gotland, Sweden. Dated to about 400 CE. Source: Sigurd Agrell, "Lapptrummor och runmagi" (1934). Some of the runes from this and other very early runic scripts in the Nordic were in later runic scripts turned. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylver_Stone" target="_blank">Kylver Stone</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOw8Djh1DHT3mQoMZM5CTxqfzdQQAhnSmi4Z_PuVBB1ut5jDSTRYDhCfQEnDALt9_CLhfSGrfGT0DYt-nNtlld2MbmQTD3YBySjVNBYpuMOIKFXqm8a4emz4oW9Ll4yTK2u_r96oOkSug3/s1600-h/Runic+stone+Hagby+M%C3%B6jebro+Uppland+Sweden+runesten.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 285px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5356049657955796642" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOw8Djh1DHT3mQoMZM5CTxqfzdQQAhnSmi4Z_PuVBB1ut5jDSTRYDhCfQEnDALt9_CLhfSGrfGT0DYt-nNtlld2MbmQTD3YBySjVNBYpuMOIKFXqm8a4emz4oW9Ll4yTK2u_r96oOkSug3/s400/Runic+stone+Hagby+M%C3%B6jebro+Uppland+Sweden+runesten.jpg" /></a> An early Runestone: <a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6jbrostenen" target="_blank">Möjbrostenen</a> from Hagby (first placed near Möjebro), Uppland, Sweden. As other early runic scripts (e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylver_Stone" target="_blank">Kylver stone</a>) from about 300 - 400 CE this is written from right to left, and from bottom right and up. Later Runestones were written from left to right. The text is “Frawaradar anahaha is laginar”. Source: <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/omlifvetisverige00mont" target="_blank">Oscar Montelius</a> (page 81, 1905) Later runes were read from left to right and some of the runic symbols were turned. Study this stone here: <a href="http://mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/bild.asp?uid=22357" target="_blank">Visa bild Sök i samlingarna Historiska museet</a><br /><br /><p></p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" target="_blank">Runic alphabet</a><br /><br /><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 352px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 272px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5358333005823767378" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY-MwgtQC7UmB6dkK2Lmijsu0Ifr1tK1oylIqAdhsgoECjhU-WSNAkYJlOKzi2iO3fJMz-t4aB_ses2-2M6RzZN7mcAZCSGmSwygWNjPFqzTqTyIGj92cGbOmoUQGvnjbu2l7RTWgxTg0T/s400/Ring+with+Runes+found+in+Norway+from+the+Bronstedt+collection.+Project+Runeberg.jpg" /> Ring with Runes found in Norway from the Bronstedt collection. Picture from Project Runeberg.<br /><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://runeberg.org/runor/" target="_blank">Sveriges runinskrifter</a> by Erik Brate (1922)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX71dL6XGLyb5tnri5HseYsYRWAADMCvs3tkg4Vjgjs1DQx84aWFM3BGu71AFo6rtYtv6TijxPEhCAXLboVQ36DJxmJ4ow58v0XzoyHJqeQ2KZKIlgVg7IFbdfpRV6N1IEdqCbuywM410E/s1600-h/Bronze+age+axe+with+a+runic+symbol+found+at+Gotland+Sweden.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 384px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5357261630989093090" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX71dL6XGLyb5tnri5HseYsYRWAADMCvs3tkg4Vjgjs1DQx84aWFM3BGu71AFo6rtYtv6TijxPEhCAXLboVQ36DJxmJ4ow58v0XzoyHJqeQ2KZKIlgVg7IFbdfpRV6N1IEdqCbuywM410E/s400/Bronze+age+axe+with+a+runic+symbol+found+at+Gotland+Sweden.jpg" /></a> Bronze Age axe with a carved runic symbol found at Gotland Sweden. It is assumed by C.E. Lindberg (1873) that the runic symbol is of newer date than the axe. However this is an assumption.<br /><br /><p></p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark" target="_blank">Elder Futhark, from c. 2nd to 8th Century CE</a> This is the earliest runes in the Nordic. Definitively used by the ancient Nordic Goths.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runestones" target="_blank">Runestones</a><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/innskrifter.htm" target="_blank">Norske runeinnskrifter fra pre-vikingtid</a><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Futhark" target="_blank">Younger Futhark used from 800 CE</a>. This change might be a natural development within the runic script, it later developed to what is called "Medieval runes".<br /><br />Nordic:<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQy1NTMmSHIyL-cTcn8GJVgcCtLhvJTmLqfhKp5G24JjmPN8N0wrGxG4-iC-xjK4zB1dcCeBAf6RFEKUiqLGun55f6syPoBbYzeaIROEl-Otu-Cwj4xrvtl1MqmuWoPttzDJWIwXa-ca64/s1600-h/CodexRunicus.jpeg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 273px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353454679202963730" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQy1NTMmSHIyL-cTcn8GJVgcCtLhvJTmLqfhKp5G24JjmPN8N0wrGxG4-iC-xjK4zB1dcCeBAf6RFEKUiqLGun55f6syPoBbYzeaIROEl-Otu-Cwj4xrvtl1MqmuWoPttzDJWIwXa-ca64/s400/CodexRunicus.jpeg" /></a> Codex runicus, a vellum manuscript from c. 1300 containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the Scanian law (Skånske lov), written entirely in runes.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO6p5JhI0vWQkxcDPWv-h295LSWww_ausgyCBhrdfFCbxtGM8YTvJB0XShq9D6h8lEt1UCCe87AqjUJwdovBm_E6UMF3ZUFAY7xhHxmnDvRV_1dZ0UypjiFH-OesSJ_zP6RFDl3rKf4QH/s1600-h/Sami+Runic+Calendar+studied+by+Eirikr+Magnusson+published+1877.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 347px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353455204097033554" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO6p5JhI0vWQkxcDPWv-h295LSWww_ausgyCBhrdfFCbxtGM8YTvJB0XShq9D6h8lEt1UCCe87AqjUJwdovBm_E6UMF3ZUFAY7xhHxmnDvRV_1dZ0UypjiFH-OesSJ_zP6RFDl3rKf4QH/s400/Sami+Runic+Calendar+studied+by+Eirikr+Magnusson+published+1877.jpg" /></a> Sami Runic Calendar studied by Eirikr Magnusson published 1877. Magnusson suggests a date between 1230 – 1391 CE for the prototype of this particular calendar. The runic script developed over time and the runes on this calendar is "Medieval Runes". Read more about this calendar in <a href="http://saamiblog.blogspot.com/2009/03/runes-and-serpent-worship-among-sami.html" target="_blank">Saamiblog</a>.<br /><br />There are Nordic Runes that are still not decoded:<br /><a href="http://fornvannen.se/pdf/1980talet/1988_234.pdf" target="_blank">Prosjektet for Samnordisk runtextdatabas: "Runfynd 1987"</a> by Thorgunn Snaedal, Marie Stoklund and Marit Ählén (2004).<br /><br />Photos of <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&redirs=0&search=runsten&limit=500&offset=0" target="_blank">Swedish Runic stones</a> or Runsten.<br /><br /><p></p><br /><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0); FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To put old scripts in a larger perspective:</span><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_signs_in_China" target="_blank">Bànpō dated to 4th millenium BCE</a><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Bone_Script" target="_blank">Oracle bone script</a> Dating varies between 14th -11th centuries BCE to 1200 - 1050 BCE.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" target="_blank">Bramhi scripts</a><br /><p></p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" target="_blank">Kharosthi, Kharoshthi or Gāndhārī script</a> About 3rd Century BCE. Kharosthi script was used in some of the Western Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" target="_blank">Ashoka edicts</a> (272 to 231 BCE).<br /><br /><p></p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/TaxilaCopperPlate.JPG" target="_blank">Taxila Copper Plate, Moga inscription, Kharosthi script</a> dated to a period between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Languages/kharoshti_script.htm" target="_blank">Kharoshti Script</a>.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/uck/text01.jpg" target="_blank">Kushan Birch Bark Script</a>.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/sakas/khvs_2.html" target="_blank">A Gandhari version of the Rhinoceros Sutra, Kushan era, 1st century CE</a>.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issyk_inscription.png" target="_blank">Issyk script</a><br /><p></p><br />The Issyk script is an old runic inscription dating back to 5th century BCE found in Issyk in present Kirgizistan, near the borders of Kazakhstan and China. This is an indication of the origin of the runic scripts in Asia, to areas that is close to the middle kingdoms of India.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/30_Writing/CodexIssykInscriptionEn.htm#Issyk" target="_blank">Issyk script dated to 5th - 4th century BCE</a><br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/64_Pazyryk/Pazyryk_DatingEn.htm" target="_blank">Carbon dating of Issyk kurgan</a><br /><p></p><br />А. Аmanjolov (2003) <a href="http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/30_Writing/CodexIssykInscriptionEn.htm" target="_blank">Proto-Türkic rune-like inscription on silver cup </a>R. Ili Runic and Greko-Graphical inscriptions.<br /><p></p><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDQczTTPzwHGNX72keM92GDvz9zxFfJgLhIRiQrHJ5vS1tOQq18c6u4ZnhBmt_cIiQBss9Bvv5a4x4QuylfQXv0g9lRfewdQklCVGlDC_0gwgb4Zu0YHZRYkPDWDTCu7bG8RPTs4mqfz2/s1600-h/Orkhon_script_8th_century+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 314px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353453978601327922" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiDQczTTPzwHGNX72keM92GDvz9zxFfJgLhIRiQrHJ5vS1tOQq18c6u4ZnhBmt_cIiQBss9Bvv5a4x4QuylfQXv0g9lRfewdQklCVGlDC_0gwgb4Zu0YHZRYkPDWDTCu7bG8RPTs4mqfz2/s400/Orkhon_script_8th_century+public.jpg" /></a> Orkhon script from the 8th century.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" target="_blank">Old Turkic Script</a>:<br />“Mainstream opinion derives the Orkhon script from variants of the Aramaic alphabet, in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets, as suggested by V.Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi (cf., Issyk inscription).”<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" target="_blank">Several Gothic inscriptions are found in present Romania</a>.<br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Spearhead_of_kovel.jpg" target="_blank">Theories of the existence of separate Gothic runes have been advanced, even identifying them as the original alphabet from which the Futhark were derived, but these have little support in actual findings (mainly the spearhead of Kovel, with its right-to-left inscription, its T-shaped tiwaz and its rectangular dagaz).</a><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" target="_blank">Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": Although Norse literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. There are at least three sources on divination with rather vague descriptions that may or may not refer to runes: Tacitus's 1st century Germania, Snorri Sturluson's 13th century Ynglinga saga and Rimbert's 9th century Vita Ansgari.</a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmfkXASQxJepMYSJyWQlMQMmcncCzKTgVFgIoD6FwgUF8iC-HZHdlW071FrY_h9pRvYQe3OHHx-WlVqKpToi4GnV8VOL6nlHp255ETat3XCzvSW3wRbwqKB7GbGXE_qkVnPy_n52tfxtad/s1600-h/Pompeii+Temple+of+Apollo+oscan+inscription+photo+by+Wknight84,+2008+wikimedia.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 78px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5448228120381021074" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmfkXASQxJepMYSJyWQlMQMmcncCzKTgVFgIoD6FwgUF8iC-HZHdlW071FrY_h9pRvYQe3OHHx-WlVqKpToi4GnV8VOL6nlHp255ETat3XCzvSW3wRbwqKB7GbGXE_qkVnPy_n52tfxtad/s400/Pompeii+Temple+of+Apollo+oscan+inscription+photo+by+Wknight84,+2008+wikimedia.jpg" /></a>Photo: Pompeii Temple of Apollo Oscan inscription. Photo by Wknight84, 2008 Wikimedia.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.sanniti.info/smliny.html" target="'_blank"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Oscan script and language of the Roman Samnites</strong></span></a><strong> (Greek - Roman)<br /></strong><br /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/varangkshiti.htm" target="'_blank"><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Varang Kshiti alphabet</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"> (Orissa)<br /></span></strong>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-54581177567185801262009-02-07T20:50:00.024+01:002011-02-24T12:50:29.562+01:00Old Northern Indian and Pakistani Temples and Nordic Churches<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzDGNGvE-SDQY_kS76n77AWPhcvCxr7e_yR_mOLBwCcUoCZXosaEGAHsU74jbxQvLw_bHbDm9Ih795qC-YoQZfYJkT7oEJp6Ky3e_xTV50zrsR0wrHoFQMea2Qpj8RKMzwqcSe0AnTdQ/s1600-h/hindutemplechergaonchambaindia.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 354px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzDGNGvE-SDQY_kS76n77AWPhcvCxr7e_yR_mOLBwCcUoCZXosaEGAHsU74jbxQvLw_bHbDm9Ih795qC-YoQZfYJkT7oEJp6Ky3e_xTV50zrsR0wrHoFQMea2Qpj8RKMzwqcSe0AnTdQ/s400/hindutemplechergaonchambaindia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300375275748512306" border="0" /> Hindu wooden temple Chergaon Chamba, in Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /><br />I will keep on adding to this post.<br /><br /></a><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000000222u00011000.html" target="_blank">Temple at Chergaon</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">, </span>Himalaya<br /><br /><a href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2508/stories/20080425250806300.htm" target="_blank">Mountain magic</a> Temples of Himalayas, in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal<br /><br /><a href="http://himachal.us/2009/02/21/temples-of-kullujagatsukh-and-banahra/10994/general/sanjeeva" target="_blank">Himachal</a><br /><br /><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 261px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVfzOoPr3EuZEhJAYmiKfDXYBXcGsuhlw0n5cWDldAp4vYGLM1tyd9ndMwsWxG7ymB1j9KBGPebubNWN7Iq8GxD04mDsd4B-U2WUYwmx0DMOaRZgC0nvpVTK6uQLqsEWFEl4ojQvp4sr4z/s400/Old+Hindu+Temple,+Shimla,+Himachal+Pradesh.+India.+19th+century.+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336284214197297842" border="0" /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVypEFTZgOlxd5R9UXhQGNuGcHFNHZ8MqMMHCAcxHj7RuuI0JNQzFwDvD35wG-hj3lCs6EVJ66e388rgoMDnr3R82KgkaDdXGxiveJBBKtKM-Hp7x0QDKOd4yRgZO-ih-9CzmLK06oyesc/s1600-h/Old+Hindu+Temple,+Shimla,+Himachal+Pradesh.+India.+19th+century.+publicdomain.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 357px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVypEFTZgOlxd5R9UXhQGNuGcHFNHZ8MqMMHCAcxHj7RuuI0JNQzFwDvD35wG-hj3lCs6EVJ66e388rgoMDnr3R82KgkaDdXGxiveJBBKtKM-Hp7x0QDKOd4yRgZO-ih-9CzmLK06oyesc/s400/Old+Hindu+Temple,+Shimla,+Himachal+Pradesh.+India.+19th+century.+publicdomain.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336283922978332194" border="0" /></a>Old Hindu Temple in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://himachal.us/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/Maheshwara%20Temple%20at%20Sungra,%20photo%20July%201993.jpg" target="_blank">Maheshwar Temple in Sungra, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India</a><br /><br /><br /><center><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtl2jP8u6VvokxIEc9C9dKPtkqt7ydHFKO2tm1x3XWLoZkf34Mo1083w9FUGNmNVVvouZkLxiNgH-pHEaRJ98UrThAqiVpmAceFkYtYfJWBBcpTzpgWq8IbrT7syFKkJCGGq-viudD3HbM/s1600-h/Himachal+pradesh+wood+carving+sangla+india.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtl2jP8u6VvokxIEc9C9dKPtkqt7ydHFKO2tm1x3XWLoZkf34Mo1083w9FUGNmNVVvouZkLxiNgH-pHEaRJ98UrThAqiVpmAceFkYtYfJWBBcpTzpgWq8IbrT7syFKkJCGGq-viudD3HbM/s400/Himachal+pradesh+wood+carving+sangla+india.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340175497881214866" border="0" /></a><br />Wood carving at a temple in Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Photo by Harish Kapadia.<br /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/aaclibrary/3399739820/" target="_blank">American Alpine Club Library</a><br /><br /><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 260px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinmj-vwtstNimV_GmdFRcM0znt5Rw4wg18U6KKKi38c_PDpvcy7_6i5vtSwclG42TN3wxOT7aC8b86Ql6SeEmeCrbN8XhkkjWw41Ms15NmIqjBZOwScwHMbhq2m6EIlB_jySwA8Pqp6wLT/s400/himachal+pradesh+temple+Saijn+india.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5340174587856393058" border="0" /><br />Temple in Himachal Pradesh Saijn, India. Photo by Harish Kapadia. Photo credits to American Alpine Club Library at Flickr. <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/aaclibrary/3399739904/" target="_blank">American Alpine Club Library</a></center><br /><br />Norway - Vatnås Kirke<br />Painted decorations in <a href="http://www.reuber-norwegen.de/Buskerud/BuskerudSigdalVatnas07.html" target="_blank"">Vatnås church</a> in Buskerud county in Norway. The old Norwegian traditional decor paintings called "rosemaling" resembles the decoration in many Asian Buddhist temples or shrines.<br /><p></p><br />The décor paintings in <a href="http://niku.pdc.no/index.php?seks_id=51503&m=7" target="_blank"">Vatnås church in Buskerud, Norway</a> are likely inspired from the old medieval church building. The present Vatnås church was built in 1660 after the Lutheran reformation, a religious revolt that was supported from Germany in the early part of 1500‘s. The Lutheran reformation involved a break in religious tradition from the old medieval catholic religion that had allowed worshipping of the ancient pre-Christian religion in the Nordic, including Norway. However, as seen in this and other Nordic churches, the earlier traditions inspired the new colonizers.<br /><br /><p></p><br />Temple in Kalpa, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: center; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/east_med_wanderer/2162417516/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2154/2162417516_83ab1c7cb8_m.jpg" /></a></div></center><br /><p></p><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/east_med_wanderer/">east med wanderer</a><br /><p></p><br />Buddhist painting Likir Monastery Ladakh India<br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: center; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joycemcclure/3848943559/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3511/3848943559_87f6c5bb68_m.jpg" /><p></p> </a><br /><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/joycemcclure/3848943559/">Carved and painted beam and walls in Likir Monastery in Ladakh District, India</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/joycemcclure/">Joyce McClure</a></span></div> </center><br /><p></p><br />Shrine in Bhutan<br /><center><div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; FLOAT: center; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px"><a title="photo sharing" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/waltercallens/2710879013/"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-TOP: #000000 2px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #000000 2px solid" alt="" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3168/2710879013_8c97ab7552_m.jpg" /> <p></p> </a><br /><span style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px;font-size:0;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/waltercallens/2710879013/">bhutan</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/waltercallens/">retlaw snellac</a></span></div> </center><br /><p></p><br /><br /><a href="http://www.kamit.jp/engl.htm" target="_blank">ARCHITECTURE in India</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.kamit.jp/05_wooden/wood_eng.htm" target="_blank">WOODEN ARCHITECTURE in India</a> Take a closer look at the architecture in India and Himachal Pradesh<br /><br /><a href="http://books.google.no/books?id=QgZFhkVINvkC&dq=Wooden+Temples+of+Himachal+Pradesh&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=wGveXwXc81&sig=cuko55MvOnl2TWPRR3-RdtMJgvs&hl=no&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA39,M1" target="_blank">Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh</a> by Mian Goverdhan Singh<br /><br /><a href="http://uttarkashi.nic.in/aboutDistt/Temple.htm" target="_blank">Temples In Uttarkashi</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindiana030585mbp" target="_blank"> History of Indian and Eastern architecture, 1910</a><br /><br /><a href="http://indiahistoryspeaks.blogspot.com/2008/01/wooden-shrines-of-kinnaur-himachal.html" target="_blank">History Speaks</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.indianetzone.com/22/temples_kinnaur.htm" target="_blank">Temples in Kinnaur</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.kamit.jp/05_wooden/3_fusion/xbharmaur.htm" target="_blank">Wood Carved Ceiling, Lakshna Devi Temple at Bharmaur, c.700 CE</a><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Stavkirker in the Nordic Areas</span><br /><br />Stave Churches are in some instances rebuilt ancient heathen temples </span></span>and some built over Heathen Temples with heathen styles. The original structures were simpler and of course without the christian ornamentation. You can see larger versions by clicking on the pictures.<br /><br /><center><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8P0GRAtnZIQs-fw72CL2m5FwTPeZhIt1za4opl0CJlZx9ohMkQoZ9y9vpumpxX7pPNFv9ZbaTFq7dr6oPxwfY_e7EpdLWgKdmKg9AYSzQCUyLPclkhT9Ohf2kBSxt5N0zM7vPtLfthzrE/s1600-h/H%C3%B8re+stavkirke+lomen+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 122px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8P0GRAtnZIQs-fw72CL2m5FwTPeZhIt1za4opl0CJlZx9ohMkQoZ9y9vpumpxX7pPNFv9ZbaTFq7dr6oPxwfY_e7EpdLWgKdmKg9AYSzQCUyLPclkhT9Ohf2kBSxt5N0zM7vPtLfthzrE/s200/H%C3%B8re+stavkirke+lomen+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336288615893336162" border="0" /></a> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDh5k92PfE1KC1ncsEjgBhswC_7UVNbLkrGxBAWJGjDqgh4-TGY4zSrFXbHhW3YhI8rXDZ1yuVQZkl6F_wIdxy1T73E_BeIzm69C_xqTa5jgPK4-IyEAD0C_WDWNGS14eaeIaO46btnKVI/s1600-h/hopperstad+stavkirke+norway+restauration+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 176px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDh5k92PfE1KC1ncsEjgBhswC_7UVNbLkrGxBAWJGjDqgh4-TGY4zSrFXbHhW3YhI8rXDZ1yuVQZkl6F_wIdxy1T73E_BeIzm69C_xqTa5jgPK4-IyEAD0C_WDWNGS14eaeIaO46btnKVI/s200/hopperstad+stavkirke+norway+restauration+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336289023561258802" border="0" /></a> </center><span style="font-size:85%;">Structure of Høre Stavkirke, Lomen, Norway. The next picture is from the restoration of Hopperstad stavkirke in Norway.<br /></span><br /><br />Interesting about the Norwegian Stave Churches or Stavkirker is the heathen i.e. pre-Christian ornamentation used, such as for instance lions on pillars, serpent and tree worship, engravings of third eye, dragons etc. Most of the Stave Churches are rebuilt and restored and new are built over or attached to the old ones. In some cases there are found remains of old heathen temples under some of these churches, and even gold leafs that were used for "heathen" offerings. In a more recent posting I have written more about golden leafs or gold foil offerings from Iron Age Norway and Sweden, and from Buddhist India and Pakistan.<br /><br />In the photos over you there are two old churches, the one in Hopperstad is under restoration. You can see the old structure in these. Some of the Stave Churches might have been heathen temples. Tremendous efforts have been done to destruct or redefine the pre-Cristian religions of the Nordic. The relatively late Christian colonization history in the Nordic areas is still silenced.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkeiNtc7u9VNaPuc866dadSl-1u7ZTrgGVnvX2x60V1kusyKpnxuvsMv2ayNsyJs1boIsGfYyNPqm0_t1DsWVNzFNbssZlFZLfrqicvJOkB-ZNOtwSmdGOCbKdhNBjrQbUHj6C4yF7bybc/s1600-h/Urnes+stavkirke+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 285px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkeiNtc7u9VNaPuc866dadSl-1u7ZTrgGVnvX2x60V1kusyKpnxuvsMv2ayNsyJs1boIsGfYyNPqm0_t1DsWVNzFNbssZlFZLfrqicvJOkB-ZNOtwSmdGOCbKdhNBjrQbUHj6C4yF7bybc/s400/Urnes+stavkirke+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336285673272256098" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;">Urnes Stavkirke, Norway. Click on the picture. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyS0dvC_DC70sztjcOUfVOxF7HXrZ3walzfg9m9Hp1EqLkLbiCdpPK2gj4CPEHsplLPGXZHcx5JvzmGhyxvAOesud4dJ2dRy4GgqFmBcNZ_8X3GaaEY-8R0bigr2nIkfGMGIu1dw225DP/s1600-h/Urnes_stavkyrkje_A+public.jpeg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 297px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyS0dvC_DC70sztjcOUfVOxF7HXrZ3walzfg9m9Hp1EqLkLbiCdpPK2gj4CPEHsplLPGXZHcx5JvzmGhyxvAOesud4dJ2dRy4GgqFmBcNZ_8X3GaaEY-8R0bigr2nIkfGMGIu1dw225DP/s400/Urnes_stavkyrkje_A+public.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336285554126991010" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;">Urnes Stavkirke, Norway. Click on the picture. </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbOYzyhULXKWOVdwaC08yJI9bboC-OHbgyvr1Y60Fn6g9AfGkdEse5n11t3kQ8J_2xwBddesqAki2MF8TQ0iY_Yt-OIBWo12SxhRV6j0qAydwCrDFotrMz1ce_ttfmfoRykgpjjZHX140/s1600-h/Borgundstavkirke.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 230px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbOYzyhULXKWOVdwaC08yJI9bboC-OHbgyvr1Y60Fn6g9AfGkdEse5n11t3kQ8J_2xwBddesqAki2MF8TQ0iY_Yt-OIBWo12SxhRV6j0qAydwCrDFotrMz1ce_ttfmfoRykgpjjZHX140/s400/Borgundstavkirke.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327156889592427666" border="0" /></a> Borgund stave church in Lærdal, Norway. Source: Wikipedia. Photograph by Nina Aldin Thune<br /><br /><a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/kirker.htm" target="_blank">Hyperlinked photos of Norwegian Stavkirker</a> (Language of the site is in Norwegian).<br /><br /><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkirke" target="_blank">Stavkirke</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.stavkirke.org/" target="_blank">Middelalderens Stavkirker</a> (Medieval Stavkirker). 28 are preserved and are from after 1100 CE. The Nordic were nominally Christianised between 1000 – 1200 CE. In reality people did not convert easily to Christianity in the Nordic areas. Likely, many of the ancient Stavkirker was kept in old heathen traditional Nordic style. <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medieval_stave_churches_in_Norway" target="_blank">Stave churches or Stavkirker</a> in Norway were inspired by and several were built over heathen temples<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stave_church" target="_blank">Stave Churches</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4AWY2NEfaD4iUf-U78P4q0YxsdbJMNg-SoN6ZfiBqAhLP4y_DIUydCFk31GgM2I3dBAEnnI8-O-SiaT1Rdq6nYkFQI1NqnxJy7Afgeg2tPyMNjJT-7-wSvL5LKYgm_-IiexgPHm3eV38/s1600-h/heddal+stavkirke+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 271px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4AWY2NEfaD4iUf-U78P4q0YxsdbJMNg-SoN6ZfiBqAhLP4y_DIUydCFk31GgM2I3dBAEnnI8-O-SiaT1Rdq6nYkFQI1NqnxJy7Afgeg2tPyMNjJT-7-wSvL5LKYgm_-IiexgPHm3eV38/s400/heddal+stavkirke+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336278655378862002" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Heddal Stavkirke in Norway.</span><br /><br /><center><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1rgjMWLCK2c8Re7u4LtTP33nFlf0IEGGejjJmZA9_QJU6qVECh2kU-6PT-qNv4uXzaahPTtM6fu6wr-u5AN6nfHEj8sKPi-pjRlcKPq70sq5i4TZSQlFvYM2K_0V72nkfpBqfLIDCJxMK/s1600-h/Gol_stavkirkan_03_wp+by+smial+1976+wikimedia+file.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 131px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1rgjMWLCK2c8Re7u4LtTP33nFlf0IEGGejjJmZA9_QJU6qVECh2kU-6PT-qNv4uXzaahPTtM6fu6wr-u5AN6nfHEj8sKPi-pjRlcKPq70sq5i4TZSQlFvYM2K_0V72nkfpBqfLIDCJxMK/s200/Gol_stavkirkan_03_wp+by+smial+1976+wikimedia+file.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336296916304668802" border="0" /></a> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinEVD_OjyNkGytXZSjV2rcyaaDtTkTifExpoBAtJzSwZVt53cLOffuBy7wW7mPlkXoHK1XytQimBRgCT94prTaDdebL2gPj-oxDJRqxr6q-1_lWDabP3K29tcVh3onnTa3qGxCVsV4ri1m/s1600-h/Gol_stavkirke,_vinter+by+agtfjott+2005+wikimedia+sharealike.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinEVD_OjyNkGytXZSjV2rcyaaDtTkTifExpoBAtJzSwZVt53cLOffuBy7wW7mPlkXoHK1XytQimBRgCT94prTaDdebL2gPj-oxDJRqxr6q-1_lWDabP3K29tcVh3onnTa3qGxCVsV4ri1m/s200/Gol_stavkirke,_vinter+by+agtfjott+2005+wikimedia+sharealike.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336296695315902194" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Gol Stavkirke in Norway. The first photo from Wikimedia is by smial (1976) and the winter scene is by agtfjott 2005</span></center><br /><br /><center><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1H5ppsyw9nNNdxRfMTq7MqNWEMueUbAM7-iHaENt_XFRTuiqaGn65JnEOIkrHa39lVS_RpY5heLJkCgBoGNoeBUl0XpQKQ6Kb6ZX2mJKCTryj82_uPH1KFKLDeDBYY4tjsBYIIEqYQvhm/s1600-h/Fantoft_stavkirke1+by++Lm-berlin+wikimedia+2007.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 134px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1H5ppsyw9nNNdxRfMTq7MqNWEMueUbAM7-iHaENt_XFRTuiqaGn65JnEOIkrHa39lVS_RpY5heLJkCgBoGNoeBUl0XpQKQ6Kb6ZX2mJKCTryj82_uPH1KFKLDeDBYY4tjsBYIIEqYQvhm/s200/Fantoft_stavkirke1+by++Lm-berlin+wikimedia+2007.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336296526111253442" border="0" /></a> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrmQXb67zoPm3Hv30iYwbwNF5S8RxBb4ndhjAaweQ5NSZMfNWknfcA5jQT9to9MRzRQ4e5Gxoo8D2POLmCj10bEh3rSr5ZpiCFpAiiEqMrFmInSCJ5JeWtjyYgmJjJpx5RTYwx7Nl6sQA/s1600-h/Detail_of_Fantoft_Stavkirke_near_Bergen_2+av+tu+og+polarlys+2006+wikimedia+share.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 148px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijrmQXb67zoPm3Hv30iYwbwNF5S8RxBb4ndhjAaweQ5NSZMfNWknfcA5jQT9to9MRzRQ4e5Gxoo8D2POLmCj10bEh3rSr5ZpiCFpAiiEqMrFmInSCJ5JeWtjyYgmJjJpx5RTYwx7Nl6sQA/s200/Detail_of_Fantoft_Stavkirke_near_Bergen_2+av+tu+og+polarlys+2006+wikimedia+share.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336296192982969522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">The ceiling of Fantoft Stavkirke, in Bergen Norway. The first Wikimedia photo is by Lm-berlin (2007) and the next is by tu og polarlys (2006)</span></center><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Asia:</span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwi7Jkr-AfuxP4UqzVrDycUJo_6RAXNn_FGg5gZII_xAxCYtJaojPpGwyklmBynNNbM5GLKEYz4lNRebmXKmVk-DMh2WLQ_oft7eEYp5NA3whV02g7yFrQTk4v4GR55vL4WNoUsdlXvgIC/s1600-h/Temple+of+Jyeshteswara,+Shankaracharya+temple,+on+the+Takht-i-Suliman+Hill,+near+Srinagar.+Probable+date+220+B.C..jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 309px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwi7Jkr-AfuxP4UqzVrDycUJo_6RAXNn_FGg5gZII_xAxCYtJaojPpGwyklmBynNNbM5GLKEYz4lNRebmXKmVk-DMh2WLQ_oft7eEYp5NA3whV02g7yFrQTk4v4GR55vL4WNoUsdlXvgIC/s400/Temple+of+Jyeshteswara,+Shankaracharya+temple,+on+the+Takht-i-Suliman+Hill,+near+Srinagar.+Probable+date+220+B.C..jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345991064419498434" border="0" /></a>Temple of Jyeshteswara, Shankaracharya temple, on the Takht-i-Suliman Hill, near Srinagar. Probable date 220 BCE. Kashmir. Temple of <a href="http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/k/019pho0000981s1u00001000.html" target="_blank">Jyeshteswara</a> or Shankaracharya, on the Takht-i-Suliman Hill, near Srinagar. Probable date 220 BCE. A Shiva temple.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqPADFK0NsySzP7LflBn9-by2WtPNoNCBogw77DUoESVorh6ImOL9gSJ7vxtAh1qWXeK-5PfQhHtgfUxDxUydZJQmPNJX5DnyRg__a1m0KR_NOT0lb43stNeZhRmgfBx_KgPqufzxhU8Da/s1600-h/Cunningham+Mauryan+building+in+the+Barabar+Mounts.+Grottoe+of+Lomas+Rishi.+IIIrd+century+BCE+Public+file.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 366px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqPADFK0NsySzP7LflBn9-by2WtPNoNCBogw77DUoESVorh6ImOL9gSJ7vxtAh1qWXeK-5PfQhHtgfUxDxUydZJQmPNJX5DnyRg__a1m0KR_NOT0lb43stNeZhRmgfBx_KgPqufzxhU8Da/s400/Cunningham+Mauryan+building+in+the+Barabar+Mounts.+Grottoe+of+Lomas+Rishi.+IIIrd+century+BCE+Public+file.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347559784319307698" border="0" /></a> Cunningham Mauryan building in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabar_Caves" target="_blank">Barabar</a> Mounts, India. Grottoe of Lomas Rishi. 3 rd century BCE. Asokan Era. <a href="http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/barabar.html" target="_blank">The Barabar Caves</a> dates back to the Maurya Era (322–185 BCE) and inscriptions of Ashoka (264-225 BCE) are found in these caves in the district of Gaya, India. More photos can be seen in the added site.<br /><br /><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 264px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieQelhIjlOTu3-PxUjVMqLgMTdTymAm1AaCRQmNWVA6-x-ogF0vH7lh49rZtzvksqOWdsfzjSHeYV6KWn4vsq8HU_5hcK_G9VEtGP9YeTaGZ0UR1TQKzoWLeSQbVMIbqWhEuJNrHOi266l/s400/1+bas-relief+at+Bharut+page+173+from+Fergusson+1910+-+Kopi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5350280432113513202" border="0" /> Relief from Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India. Likely Mauryan. These dates back to about 150 BCE.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8xks4UXOz3o5J6lchFC92yG7XRApoQz2I7q6NM7R3CnUANcYvScbrSMbtjhKhbJoOYIDIhAmkPaaQfRzxl5EJOCbJlch7sqjvPZaLd2_T356DqLaTOc6GDsTCJhdOdm6mR0FCzDjs45EL/s1600-h/Kashmir.+Sun+worship+temple,+near+Bhawan.+Likely+date+to++490-555+CE.+Surya+Temple+at+Martand+in+Jammu+%E2%80%93+Kashmir.+Photo+by+John+Burke+in+1868.+Public+file.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 282px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8xks4UXOz3o5J6lchFC92yG7XRApoQz2I7q6NM7R3CnUANcYvScbrSMbtjhKhbJoOYIDIhAmkPaaQfRzxl5EJOCbJlch7sqjvPZaLd2_T356DqLaTOc6GDsTCJhdOdm6mR0FCzDjs45EL/s400/Kashmir.+Sun+worship+temple,+near+Bhawan.+Likely+date+to++490-555+CE.+Surya+Temple+at+Martand+in+Jammu+%E2%80%93+Kashmir.+Photo+by+John+Burke+in+1868.+Public+file.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5347558173016696050" border="0" /></a> Kashmir. Sun worship temple, near Bhawan. Likely date to 490-555 CE. Surya Temple at Martand in Jammu – Kashmir. Photo by John Burke in 1868.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunf3m4H8LJz-QR9nCemkqXTYiHH0Rdz2SImQkhKLNh-eJIUyvugLDMPygAG1kDc64-tEzncMOy8u5J_yTkiCbUPXGcc88hgcB8z7Y5BD9-LC6AgDji9guZCT43e7zgRF93hWZKKCDGfpt/s1600-h/Shankaragaurishvara+temple+at+Patan,+on+the+road+between+Srinagar+and+Baramula+view+of+the+front+or+west+face+public.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 339px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunf3m4H8LJz-QR9nCemkqXTYiHH0Rdz2SImQkhKLNh-eJIUyvugLDMPygAG1kDc64-tEzncMOy8u5J_yTkiCbUPXGcc88hgcB8z7Y5BD9-LC6AgDji9guZCT43e7zgRF93hWZKKCDGfpt/s400/Shankaragaurishvara+temple+at+Patan,+on+the+road+between+Srinagar+and+Baramula+view+of+the+front+or+west+face+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5345993060770233874" border="0" /></a> Shankaragaurishvara temple at Patan, on the road between Srinagar and Baramula view of the front or west face. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankaragaurishvara_Temple" target="_blank">Shankaragaurishvara</a> dates to 800-900 CE. Shiva temple. Kashmir.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Scandinavia:</span></span><br />The following are Swedish stone churches, that have been rebuilt in the course of history, the most ancient parts of these churches are interesting in relation to the old heathen culture of the ancient Nordic Goths.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAKPM_5OGjoG34Aq-LJ-EJhf0cL3nknNvktt6CStWXxHk7B8Mhv7VZBISwNm3caSMNxaR2W5tmbHCrjZqzQQ3uRhv0iZW2nzn4A0kGv9AvvSwi8yz_b7b93wtctWex9fcJhmIHPR5yzJe/s1600-h/The+entrance+portal+on+the+south+side+of+the+church+of+St%C3%A5nga+on+Gotland,+sweden,+the+church+is+said+to+be+built+in+the+1300-eds+but+contains+some+older+parts+from+1200eds.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 308px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAKPM_5OGjoG34Aq-LJ-EJhf0cL3nknNvktt6CStWXxHk7B8Mhv7VZBISwNm3caSMNxaR2W5tmbHCrjZqzQQ3uRhv0iZW2nzn4A0kGv9AvvSwi8yz_b7b93wtctWex9fcJhmIHPR5yzJe/s400/The+entrance+portal+on+the+south+side+of+the+church+of+St%C3%A5nga+on+Gotland,+sweden,+the+church+is+said+to+be+built+in+the+1300-eds+but+contains+some+older+parts+from+1200eds.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349690874848635538" border="0" /></a> The entrance portal on the south side of the church of Stånga on Gotland, Sweden. This church is said to be built in the 1300-eds but contains some older parts from 1200eds.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKQevoFa9FAdbb_Or40l6DzOznko2BHwruwUIRnQGQ_yjfA34ReZU4ye-72B2bKSZ1DR1YWFsnISMjFUf6YTGB9-WEsctp3ccMSYAjRoAkavtSP83i5lCfskvErZJedFpEofRZcVwMMOr/s1600-h/Gotland-Bro-kyrka+built+in+the+1100+eds.+Photo+by+J%C3%BCrgen+Howaldt,+2005.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDKQevoFa9FAdbb_Or40l6DzOznko2BHwruwUIRnQGQ_yjfA34ReZU4ye-72B2bKSZ1DR1YWFsnISMjFUf6YTGB9-WEsctp3ccMSYAjRoAkavtSP83i5lCfskvErZJedFpEofRZcVwMMOr/s400/Gotland-Bro-kyrka+built+in+the+1100+eds.+Photo+by+J%C3%BCrgen+Howaldt,+2005.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349691244538505378" border="0" /></a><br />Gotland-Bro-kyrka built in the 1100 eds. Photo by Jürgen Howaldt, 2005<br /><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Remains of the Pre-Christian Religion in Swedish Churches:</span><br /></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfm4wSMO_5oUpi3PChv6MRJkysbTh0E45yavhieyhaC6ZFXOhPRQtiLlS1MH3KpmEUU7Rpe4QgAQWAkmxu9r8rzxPWtzhzFeMyGNHb42CRnk4eUEhOy6_xg2TEilTw7PG7lvGeiVAIb4mC/s1600-h/Bildstein-Bro_kyrka_01.+Photo+by+J%C3%BCrgen+Howaldt,+2005.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfm4wSMO_5oUpi3PChv6MRJkysbTh0E45yavhieyhaC6ZFXOhPRQtiLlS1MH3KpmEUU7Rpe4QgAQWAkmxu9r8rzxPWtzhzFeMyGNHb42CRnk4eUEhOy6_xg2TEilTw7PG7lvGeiVAIb4mC/s400/Bildstein-Bro_kyrka_01.+Photo+by+J%C3%BCrgen+Howaldt,+2005.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349707563220970690" border="0" /></a> Remains of a heathen religious ornamental stone (Bildsten) built in the wall of a newer Swedish stone church. Bro Church at Gotland, Sweden, photo by Jürgen Howaldt, 2005. Parts of this church are much older than the Christian Medieval period. It is said that the church was built in 1100 CE, in a period when heathen traditions still was practiced in Sweden. All of Sweden was not Christianised that early. It seems like the Christianising of Sweden and the Nordic seems to involve confusing the old history with the newer history, in an effort to wipe away remains of the past, the old religion and history.<br />In 2001 the Taliban destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan in Afghanistan, it shocked most people around the globe and a part of the ancient world heritage is lost forever. Also in the Nordic ancient religion have been destroyed, but generally in a much slower and relatively systematic way. Confused dating and redefinition of ownership seems to have been one of several common tactics in destroying and redefining of the ancient pre-Christian religion and history in the Nordic areas. It seems that <a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro_kyrka,_Gotland" target="_blank">Bro Church in Gotland</a> is an excellent example, which I will return to later.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjoDxmqawvDZXydgA4TXYlf6MpWBKSnphYmJ9mWJlQiCAQDFA5WFtJWFp5NkEqdJ6b1s_hX6HawlUegwJK1l5ZqMTStItCcvEWOJaOeptfrPnlvXTu25CdF5RK_K7F2K7FW95oK2qxO8wO/s1600-h/450px-U_533,_Roslags-Bro+church.+photo+by+berig,+200.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjoDxmqawvDZXydgA4TXYlf6MpWBKSnphYmJ9mWJlQiCAQDFA5WFtJWFp5NkEqdJ6b1s_hX6HawlUegwJK1l5ZqMTStItCcvEWOJaOeptfrPnlvXTu25CdF5RK_K7F2K7FW95oK2qxO8wO/s400/450px-U_533,_Roslags-Bro+church.+photo+by+berig,+200.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349710567854065906" border="0" /></a> A pre-Christian Runic stone integrated in the wall of Roslagsbro church (<a href="http://www.roslagen.se/sv/webb/Turist/Sevart/Kyrkor/Mellersta-kyrkor/Roslagsbro-kyrka/" target="_blank">Roslagsbro kyrka</a>), Sweden. Photo by berig, 2008.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoTFiNBJ6ouO58Ilve4ZYZUt4rW1yAf9OGI3R6-8SfpJE1ubAmOFOZeMO2I_nvxfE3eox2AmTlDL7OKXw2gDDH0vRqxUjCEeNSF_ShOjB_cn8T6Z_oscarqqk3tUOsgtRWXD4MOPGqPfC/s1600-h/Uploaded+on+Flickr+October+30,+2006+by+YlvaS,+Creative+commons+licence+Medieval+church+in+Vastergotland+Bjorsater+Sweden.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 397px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoTFiNBJ6ouO58Ilve4ZYZUt4rW1yAf9OGI3R6-8SfpJE1ubAmOFOZeMO2I_nvxfE3eox2AmTlDL7OKXw2gDDH0vRqxUjCEeNSF_ShOjB_cn8T6Z_oscarqqk3tUOsgtRWXD4MOPGqPfC/s400/Uploaded+on+Flickr+October+30,+2006+by+YlvaS,+Creative+commons+licence+Medieval+church+in+Vastergotland+Bjorsater+Sweden.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349698148547342690" border="0" /></a> Remains of a Lancet or pointed arch from Björsäter Church in Västergotland in Sweden. Photo from YlvaS Flickr, 2006. Creative commons license.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5BVb3f5UiO7mZEGyvQdvQ-jJZrU_RwyyEQixOJ2EaWc1mRzBee2UJgAiyIpeMwdl7fNsi-QQ46HSwdO882lfkVstJ-uPuOMhq-w12IvYmhhA7zOv8V1-pzbWNBmvuIhQ31Zmp3h1eKXCW/s1600-h/Sankt+Olofs+kyrka+i+Falk%C3%B6ping,+Sweden.+Church+dates+to+1100+CE.+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5BVb3f5UiO7mZEGyvQdvQ-jJZrU_RwyyEQixOJ2EaWc1mRzBee2UJgAiyIpeMwdl7fNsi-QQ46HSwdO882lfkVstJ-uPuOMhq-w12IvYmhhA7zOv8V1-pzbWNBmvuIhQ31Zmp3h1eKXCW/s400/Sankt+Olofs+kyrka+i+Falk%C3%B6ping,+Sweden.+Church+dates+to+1100+CE.+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346023058590553170" border="0" /></a> Portal of Sankt Olofs Church in Falköping, Sweden. Church dates to 1100 CE. Photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvWiCJFDY5fF__9pUKu4OSOqtf9C4U9IJKTI-x_4jdyX0e3bFsWIs-5S16kc1PSC9AtdgfxIfYflt1O1QykhK1K3-tcpoIJ0-4-KsfwEjm8bZzaq_Q2QsCXw11qkkgxPN6yKrc8pK1WGb/s1600-h/Sankt+Olofs+kyrka+in+Falk%C3%B6ping,+Sweden,+oldest+part+1100+CE,+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjvWiCJFDY5fF__9pUKu4OSOqtf9C4U9IJKTI-x_4jdyX0e3bFsWIs-5S16kc1PSC9AtdgfxIfYflt1O1QykhK1K3-tcpoIJ0-4-KsfwEjm8bZzaq_Q2QsCXw11qkkgxPN6yKrc8pK1WGb/s400/Sankt+Olofs+kyrka+in+Falk%C3%B6ping,+Sweden,+oldest+part+1100+CE,+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346022579808883426" border="0" /></a> Sankt Olofs kyrka in Falköping, Sweden, oldest part 1100 CE, photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjNE4oqGHl3wy3-iCYhNzbml21-wKw4W9_UlIQDzdGpyU3NWbatJPjLdLQyBpE4QsZaypouHGTNa1MyACTgUT6nj8rrz3s3Aw2RZjs399aJPDkzuFvbEwNZ_UKoitfpWS3sh2C5aLGX5E/s1600-h/Sankt_Olofs_kyrka_i_Falk%C3%B6ping,_den_17_juni_2006,_bild_10+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjNE4oqGHl3wy3-iCYhNzbml21-wKw4W9_UlIQDzdGpyU3NWbatJPjLdLQyBpE4QsZaypouHGTNa1MyACTgUT6nj8rrz3s3Aw2RZjs399aJPDkzuFvbEwNZ_UKoitfpWS3sh2C5aLGX5E/s400/Sankt_Olofs_kyrka_i_Falk%C3%B6ping,_den_17_juni_2006,_bild_10+photo+by+Harri+Blomberg,+2006.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346022399024166402" border="0" /></a> Sankt Olofs Church in Falköping, Sweden. Photo by Harri Blomberg, 2006. Oldest part built 1100 CE.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZw5vUuYKBJpnN-wm23ocwg7qUuwvezWXo4AADG3cJk8jKV4DTVp4LjidW1mJfRIAN38ahHuLNUYYrxW0sq2luvSGb3Oz7IAtG_XQAxXxj1F3-xLKpudJcLRHfdERcg015FyYxiOMVHRvd/s1600-h/S%C3%B6_83,_Tumbo+Sveriges+runinskrifter+III.+S%C3%B6dermanlands+runinskrifter.+Stockholm+Kungl.+Vitterhets+Historie+och+Antikvitets+Akademien+public.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 231px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZw5vUuYKBJpnN-wm23ocwg7qUuwvezWXo4AADG3cJk8jKV4DTVp4LjidW1mJfRIAN38ahHuLNUYYrxW0sq2luvSGb3Oz7IAtG_XQAxXxj1F3-xLKpudJcLRHfdERcg015FyYxiOMVHRvd/s400/S%C3%B6_83,_Tumbo+Sveriges+runinskrifter+III.+S%C3%B6dermanlands+runinskrifter.+Stockholm+Kungl.+Vitterhets+Historie+och+Antikvitets+Akademien+public.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349747800228685970" border="0" /></a> From Tumbo in Södermanland. Sveriges runinskrifter III. Stockholm Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/hallby/Tumbo%20historik.html" target="_blank">Tumbo Church in Strängnäs, Södermanland, Sweden</a>. Near the church there is six runic stones. The choir has a round wall (absidform) that is from 1100-eds. It is told in the linked site that exact dating is difficult. Only five tree beams were possible to date, and these were from 1100 to mid-1100. As I see it part of this church might have been a heathen i.e. Pre-Christian temple. <a href="http://www.lokalhistoriska.se/forelasningar/rekarne.htm" target="_blank">Some more photos of the church</a> can be seen in the URL.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYbNyT1x-xP50O_PfVDLvvW4YJ61aa2yeDR7eoK5lBaa4cfKuCLyTn6OycRmtBwmY7I0p0w_ayaK8w7_BDbKG_hfpLPplQVKb3Iu2ZZWApLuZQNz3miwvS5q1rtduBvFcBtEKOB5at_dB/s1600-h/Gamla+uppsala+kyrka+sweden,+the+tower+belonged+to+the+old+church,+foto+by+OlofE,+2003.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 252px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYbNyT1x-xP50O_PfVDLvvW4YJ61aa2yeDR7eoK5lBaa4cfKuCLyTn6OycRmtBwmY7I0p0w_ayaK8w7_BDbKG_hfpLPplQVKb3Iu2ZZWApLuZQNz3miwvS5q1rtduBvFcBtEKOB5at_dB/s400/Gamla+uppsala+kyrka+sweden,+the+tower+belonged+to+the+old+church,+foto+by+OlofE,+2003.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346022035366196130" border="0" /></a> Gamla uppsala Church in Sweden, the tower belonged to the old church, Photo by OlofE, 2003.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMuezjgwxN5hDuYRZCOHBs6UmxvldBnXm6Mz77izDQEzsIXGA9VGOgO-PucjQeIHxeXrusoOLpjkdpsUhIPojUa_Wkd9htzb_pj1F-OVeG3b8PHGT6uwfJl_qcOuSuPFrxfVI4gbcjJlg/s1600-h/Plan+over+Gamla+Uppsalas+old+church,+sweden.+The+choir+is+original+from+the+old+church+public.gif" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnMuezjgwxN5hDuYRZCOHBs6UmxvldBnXm6Mz77izDQEzsIXGA9VGOgO-PucjQeIHxeXrusoOLpjkdpsUhIPojUa_Wkd9htzb_pj1F-OVeG3b8PHGT6uwfJl_qcOuSuPFrxfVI4gbcjJlg/s400/Plan+over+Gamla+Uppsalas+old+church,+sweden.+The+choir+is+original+from+the+old+church+public.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346021805011956994" border="0" /></a> Plan over Gamla Uppsalas old church, Sweden. The choir is original from the old church.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgppthVqQ4BTKU9QT8yvnxIvCvFCetjjvA7ubXn8cRnxQnhOqgigcMNVEouglUGiTL97XJgea1jRfGwJl_swaWZts26DO6Z3oI5nuTRTe6x75VedO-gu0CP5s4weOXDx9ReRASgAlRpmxda/s1600-h/Kungslena+kyrka,+sweden,+foto+av+Harry+Blomberg,+2006+V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6ten.JPG" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgppthVqQ4BTKU9QT8yvnxIvCvFCetjjvA7ubXn8cRnxQnhOqgigcMNVEouglUGiTL97XJgea1jRfGwJl_swaWZts26DO6Z3oI5nuTRTe6x75VedO-gu0CP5s4weOXDx9ReRASgAlRpmxda/s400/Kungslena+kyrka,+sweden,+foto+av+Harry+Blomberg,+2006+V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6ten.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346021499830841250" border="0" /></a> Fighting with reptiles. Kungslena Church, Sweden, Photo by Harry Blomberg, 2006 Västgöten.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugfgs7tJZkrXM-MWNv_lHxq8zI5YxEjT2QahAH1kSgrB9Cp9R4xPtlrn6947otTDeNfrGWUkrLIuriw9o33TlYVdr4Gmg9fjWeot2BGVnye0vzbCfj1XVb3fufTXF7PyIXK1rA5Dorz_n/s1600-h/Lunds_domkyrka_1839,_A_Meyer.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 226px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjugfgs7tJZkrXM-MWNv_lHxq8zI5YxEjT2QahAH1kSgrB9Cp9R4xPtlrn6947otTDeNfrGWUkrLIuriw9o33TlYVdr4Gmg9fjWeot2BGVnye0vzbCfj1XVb3fufTXF7PyIXK1rA5Dorz_n/s400/Lunds_domkyrka_1839,_A_Meyer.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5346020861025110034" border="0" /></a> Old and newer parts of Lund Cathedral in Sweden. The older parts are from about late 1000 to 1100 CE.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-68785299545449630212009-02-07T20:45:00.001+01:002009-06-23T00:16:01.137+02:00Gotland in Sweden<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCv8B13hIy2cNvbFHHWCpGlZNmgRRsXc82jpO9Z1nFn_b8soFuli9ta-Yf29QqxA789XWOVYlxy1anW3F0PgOzxqGiwJTugZw4sdv1Jp-Ji19HFeaX9fp3XDHaba3Z49dIly7Mj-wNISac/s1600-h/detail+ptolemy+2nd+century+CE.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 259px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCv8B13hIy2cNvbFHHWCpGlZNmgRRsXc82jpO9Z1nFn_b8soFuli9ta-Yf29QqxA789XWOVYlxy1anW3F0PgOzxqGiwJTugZw4sdv1Jp-Ji19HFeaX9fp3XDHaba3Z49dIly7Mj-wNISac/s400/detail+ptolemy+2nd+century+CE.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300215095093865490" border="0" /></a> Map from the works of Ptolemy in the 2nd Century CE, published in Nicolai Doni's edition (1482). Source: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24365" target="_blank">Project Gutenberg</a> The Voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe, Volume I and Volume II, by Nordenskiöld, A. E.<br /><br />As can be seen from the map in the Goths were dominant in the Nordic areas. Besides the Goths there were Lappelanth (in 2 places), Dacia (in southern Sweden and the areas of present Denmark) and then Suetia. It seems like the Goths were spread over a large area from South to North.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.gotmus.i.se/1engelska/bildstenar/engelska/picture_stones.htm" target="_blank">Picture Stones</a> from Länsmuseet in Gotland, Sweden.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.gotmus.i.se/1engelska/skatter/engelska/the_nordic_design_of_the_iron_age.htm" target="_blank">Goth design in Swedish Iron Age</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheeyVYhRi_MVPOZX7gmmBU-XEsr32pe6aUrW_HmYpMDHpozeL2MGWWnSd2bKUeEFCO71Lz7buZZQayb3F6srWEgqs5r-9IfBM-pG6gLIYEvdg1c2Xpf8eVNRcl7j6KIiLg0a8vboFYCxH/s1600-h/v1p051.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 108px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiheeyVYhRi_MVPOZX7gmmBU-XEsr32pe6aUrW_HmYpMDHpozeL2MGWWnSd2bKUeEFCO71Lz7buZZQayb3F6srWEgqs5r-9IfBM-pG6gLIYEvdg1c2Xpf8eVNRcl7j6KIiLg0a8vboFYCxH/s200/v1p051.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300214703112680498" border="0" /></a><br />Source: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/24365" target="_blank">Project Gutenberg</a> The Voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe, Volume I and Volume II, by Nordenskiöld, A. E.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">About the Goths arrival to Scandza:</span></span><br /><br />As soon as they disembarked from their ships and set foot on the land, they straightway gave their name to the place. And even to-day it is said to be called Gothiscandza. (26) Soon they moved from here to the abodes of the Ulmerugi, who then dwelt on the shores of Ocean, where they pitched camp, joined battle with them and drove them from their homes. Then they subdued their neighbors, the Vandals, and thus added to their victories. But when the number of the people increased greatly and Filimer, son of Gadaric, reigned as king--about the fifth since Berig--he decided that the army of the Goths with their families should move from that region. (27) In search of suitable homes and pleasant places they came to the land of Scythia, called Oium in that tongue.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-79111857122481586692009-02-07T14:03:00.000+01:002009-04-21T17:04:19.745+02:00India: Visnu and Shiva Deities Carved in Rock<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNuMtPU3tsmekctkdd_kCOfZ9bfLwnYAFyJvU2MB-dgn6Bb-v4hhEu9TU_NSzi12_oYsf1VUaqBx06bNQv9DyvJPhd_gYKFdxETYh3a1NFof-JgcGzAPWs6dDUBhjHRmZk61gNopojOg/s1600-h/Visnu+sitting+with+Sareswati+by+his+side+Ajantu+cave+number+19.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 384px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNuMtPU3tsmekctkdd_kCOfZ9bfLwnYAFyJvU2MB-dgn6Bb-v4hhEu9TU_NSzi12_oYsf1VUaqBx06bNQv9DyvJPhd_gYKFdxETYh3a1NFof-JgcGzAPWs6dDUBhjHRmZk61gNopojOg/s400/Visnu+sitting+with+Sareswati+by+his+side+Ajantu+cave+number+19.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300362530850849778" border="0" /></a> Visnu sitting with Sareswati on his side, Ajantu or Ajanta Cave 19, India<br /><br />Dates 200 BCE to 600 CE and the Caves are located in Maharashtra State. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" target="_blank">Ajanta Caves</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0oaSynpUJYHAOgpNGQZGk12d4MhwIzgUT6PG9bC75YLnkLsNS6cLN_y39uZK6S4Qa0wxOqfmMFGJ_co9NAszL-eQpWdowxFQWNfiPeHvwxLQbEn_Am96xK58M_bQsVciblLh6Y45IeCI/s1600-h/800px-Ellora_cave29_Shiva-Parvati-Ravana+by+QuartierLatin1968+,+Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 258px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0oaSynpUJYHAOgpNGQZGk12d4MhwIzgUT6PG9bC75YLnkLsNS6cLN_y39uZK6S4Qa0wxOqfmMFGJ_co9NAszL-eQpWdowxFQWNfiPeHvwxLQbEn_Am96xK58M_bQsVciblLh6Y45IeCI/s400/800px-Ellora_cave29_Shiva-Parvati-Ravana+by+QuartierLatin1968+,+Wikimedia+GNU.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300366454531750610" border="0" /></a>Ellora Cave 29, Shiva, Parvati and Ravana b. Photo by QuartierLatin1968, Wikimedia GNU<br /><br /><a href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora.asp" target="_blank">Ellora Caves</a>: Thirty four Monasteries that reflects three religions. Buddhism, Brahmanism and Jainism. Dated between 500 - 1000 CE and located in Maharashtra State. <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOb4-MnDLArhHW5fNY7_ujvJP0csiaXxsGR4H6t8mq7S2-i0HYqDWYHhyqhNi72Ce2FM9rRQ9s_8aRWYvP2mcevFrw-NgHWCUS3kkZTG7vrNAj-AXz2ujOW_Rl9nnj3cWU27e85yIpWY/s1600-h/Kylas+Ellora+Caves+India+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 306px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOb4-MnDLArhHW5fNY7_ujvJP0csiaXxsGR4H6t8mq7S2-i0HYqDWYHhyqhNi72Ce2FM9rRQ9s_8aRWYvP2mcevFrw-NgHWCUS3kkZTG7vrNAj-AXz2ujOW_Rl9nnj3cWU27e85yIpWY/s400/Kylas+Ellora+Caves+India+-+Kopi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300366341247379698" border="0" /></a>Kylas Ellora Caves India.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjomJpZv_ubmJX7r7v4mEtpQuaFDEg2B9xaUzj8riKFLIFVLjKuouR0QvnEDLQNxsJJJRdMzhbzt013q1GbGs-2LHIUbkd2k8fKByQ5UhDw7YAO2YcXl7KGAlCrzxjX4PaiShDvFHBX__g/s1600-h/Kloister+Kylas+Ellora+Caves+India+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 378px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjomJpZv_ubmJX7r7v4mEtpQuaFDEg2B9xaUzj8riKFLIFVLjKuouR0QvnEDLQNxsJJJRdMzhbzt013q1GbGs-2LHIUbkd2k8fKByQ5UhDw7YAO2YcXl7KGAlCrzxjX4PaiShDvFHBX__g/s400/Kloister+Kylas+Ellora+Caves+India+-+Kopi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300366177108172626" border="0" /></a> Kloister Kylas Ellora Caves India<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbvypgJVZVokuyajVWetzW9yfJtFKixPPhPLPqr2GmlQ0Qgc3x2O_1ZSgyNRoNpxveyCP0WADUZAZp_f2pO6iSrcEa0ZjFmW49pQEX-tAq3Hx6bqlO81Lvg3AiylLV3XfLPYI7TsIYXJ8/s1600-h/Visnu+on+his+Vahana,+Sarawati+by+his+side+Ellora+Cave+India+-+Kopi.jpg" target="_blank"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 372px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbvypgJVZVokuyajVWetzW9yfJtFKixPPhPLPqr2GmlQ0Qgc3x2O_1ZSgyNRoNpxveyCP0WADUZAZp_f2pO6iSrcEa0ZjFmW49pQEX-tAq3Hx6bqlO81Lvg3AiylLV3XfLPYI7TsIYXJ8/s400/Visnu+on+his+Vahana,+Sarawati+by+his+side+Ellora+Cave+India+-+Kopi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300362908549859922" border="0" /></a> Visnu on his Vahana with Sareswati on his side, Ellora Caves, India.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-31426453280034515172009-02-07T13:47:00.007+01:002010-05-16T16:48:40.642+02:00Odin mythA text by Klinger (1952) mentions how the fabricated Odin Myth were spread around Europe:<br />“In addition to Jordanes' Scandza theory, the Odin myth also located the Goths in an Asiatic home. The Odin story is an invention of monkish chroniclers, a web of myth and real history which goes back to the Homeric and Virgilian accounts of the fall of Troy. …Odin knew that his people were destined to achieve a glorious destiny in the northern part of the world. Leaving his kingdom to his brothers, Odin led the Goths to Scythia. The story in the Prose Edda begins with the tower of Babel.” End of quote from Kliger, (1952).<br />I do not doubt that the origin of the Goths was in Asia, however it seems like a lot have been done to minimize and even deny this fact. Kliger’s book seems like an argument to dispute the theory about the Asian origin of the Goths. European thinking is racist to the very roots. By constructing such myths they made it seem like the origin of Europeans were in Scandinavia instead of accepting that many Europeans including the Goths are of Ancient Asian origin.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.questia.com/read/9541908" target="_blank"> The Goths in England: A Study in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Thought</a> by Samuel Kliger; Harvard University Press, 1952.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br /><br />Jordanes make no efforts in explaining from where in Asia and why the Goths migrated from there, instead he makes a big issue about their Scandinavian origin (called “the Scandza theory of Jordanes”). The book by Kliger mentions on page 296 that the theories of Jordanes was central in Swedish nationalism. My comment to this issue is that the nationalist issue became important much later in history than Jordanes, so this was unlikely his motivation as an author. The Germanising of Sweden (and the Nordic in General) started with Christianity with Anskar, (the archbishop of Hamburg) who sent Missionary to Denmark and Sweden, 865 CE. The Archbishop seat for Sweden was from then Hamburg. The first Swedish archbishopric seat was in Uppsala from 1164. However the real colonization of the Nordic was a slower process and really escalated in the period between 1500 -1800eds. The issue about German immigration to Sweden is supported in new genetic research.<br />A new study of autosomal or autosomale genetics has shown that while Swedes are more related to Germans, Norwegians are more related to Danes and Dutch (Lao et al. 2008).<br /><br />“Correlation between Genetic and Geographic Structure in Europe” Lao et al. (2008)<br /><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-41251386110245468902009-02-07T12:58:00.005+01:002010-10-09T13:32:56.341+02:00Iron Age Nordic and Classical Antiguity Rome and Greece<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Antiquity of Rome, Italy</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3J_foTmGYPzT0PIB7ZvuNxJ7J1jLJpfE4B1bonxzQ4vfTXxqgPHLrusYOXUeYGc4qIrP9dAdiGFpmOJ6uSlwh2E-U3dMTFh34Koo5A45P2SaYOh_2YGAepzB7UUafWUwhm0I3HxJFtw/s1600/roman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir3J_foTmGYPzT0PIB7ZvuNxJ7J1jLJpfE4B1bonxzQ4vfTXxqgPHLrusYOXUeYGc4qIrP9dAdiGFpmOJ6uSlwh2E-U3dMTFh34Koo5A45P2SaYOh_2YGAepzB7UUafWUwhm0I3HxJFtw/s400/roman.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Early Roman Empire repr. Great Mother Goddess with Crown, patera and tympanum (shaman tambourine drum. This bronze is exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.<br />
The tympanum drum is found in many depictions from ancient Rome: <a href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/moonmoth/reverse_cybele.html" target="_blank"">Ancient Rome Mother Goddess</a><br />
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Under kapittel Oriental Cults in the West, page 158. Pictures from Roman Antiquity are from<b> </b><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cambridgeancient05buryuoft" target="_blank""><b>The Cambridge ancient history (1923)</b></a> by Byry et al. 1923.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">More culture depictions from the Roman Antiquity in Italy</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Iron Age in Norway</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left; width: 400px;"><a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979415929404&map=1" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-3c.slide.com/p1/2666130979415929404/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide1.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979415929404&map=2" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-3c.slide.com/p2/2666130979415929404/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide2.gif" /></a> <a href="http://www.slide.com/pivot?cy=bb&at=un&id=2666130979415929404&map=F" target="_blank"><img border="0" ismap="ismap" src="http://widget-3c.slide.com/p4/2666130979415929404/bb_t000_v000_s0un_f00/images/xslide42.gif" /></a></div></div></center><br />
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Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway. The chart from the Oseberg ship (about 820 CE) and many of the ancient symbols seen in this museum are resembling those of Greek Roman Antiquity. <a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernalderen_i_Norge" target="_blank"">Norway Iron Age</a> about 500 BCE to 1030 CE.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Roman Galli men carry a throne of Cybele - the mother Goddess</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizuV4Tksl624pVREh9K9LWf9n00bsh6hYU7tvtZm2xPk1sohO6yw3RyCa0jOeRMXcWyYAfhfFQOVWx4RR-lAR1Mx5D2HIXuxXXub090B5PASEdmPMJXcuWb80FukBBUs3iVT4yU9Ii8fE/s1600/Roman+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizuV4Tksl624pVREh9K9LWf9n00bsh6hYU7tvtZm2xPk1sohO6yw3RyCa0jOeRMXcWyYAfhfFQOVWx4RR-lAR1Mx5D2HIXuxXXub090B5PASEdmPMJXcuWb80FukBBUs3iVT4yU9Ii8fE/s400/Roman+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Altar Roman Galli men carry a throne of Cybele, with two statues of Gallus on pedestal. Exhibited at Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Three ancient Gods of the early Roman Empire</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigysvVF-LkLYkLePEpjAvC1aOZ_Mld7U30OLZ-9t7ZsdrfAxL6kiAPufzlrKhF68XYDxqqje4KoZgtMwfhhxTIXIJTwm4RSIg4Q8ZvN6GdEc2nTt7Nl3fF3baDC97s1eOvpZbbxll6EFU/s320/Roman+Antiquity+God1.jpg" width="207" /></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypa3RksdzFcJfVb1ZssT-X_ZyHLbTLpvePrzfqhuFzBeN-Yh7MJQxgRVYVzOyvVGzX-jeKT3jCuttbxCloyhDpXdLmecC4zlHRYCaNfMNpXGIjK4DdPkqZMft_dcakDMyqEzgHXT_5aI/s1600/Roman+Antiquity+God2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypa3RksdzFcJfVb1ZssT-X_ZyHLbTLpvePrzfqhuFzBeN-Yh7MJQxgRVYVzOyvVGzX-jeKT3jCuttbxCloyhDpXdLmecC4zlHRYCaNfMNpXGIjK4DdPkqZMft_dcakDMyqEzgHXT_5aI/s320/Roman+Antiquity+God2.jpg" width="209" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRdHKU3G7HfW0B68q_HKaYXHSB679k5iuwRoxCMNh3EMqFAh6Riunku508ECqDjYqf0tIHyLBo1ZWyIUZ9op_dZszDxg28Xkd2dvRzyA6PODV16yvWthQRfSqaAKrl0ITc82rn4LldE8o/s1600/Roman+Antiquity+God3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRdHKU3G7HfW0B68q_HKaYXHSB679k5iuwRoxCMNh3EMqFAh6Riunku508ECqDjYqf0tIHyLBo1ZWyIUZ9op_dZszDxg28Xkd2dvRzyA6PODV16yvWthQRfSqaAKrl0ITc82rn4LldE8o/s320/Roman+Antiquity+God3.jpg" width="210" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Pay attention to the body ideals of the Ancient peoples of Europe and founders of the early Roman Empire. They do not match later athletic ideals.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Roman Antiquity, Wind Gods from Germany</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3DWxy_xxeMqXtV5AzHcXZM6pYkxF9sPRS70ekPeVXzN2S1vKZ3sOBtUkNF7lnvsVs3L8cc3m70fOZy8FsVDpncTJzNFZl2Z-6Z7kR6GXj-D4dQ_8MjFRojhBPjMcici17pkPhe9AKec/s1600/Roman+Antiquity+windgod+etc..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank""><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3DWxy_xxeMqXtV5AzHcXZM6pYkxF9sPRS70ekPeVXzN2S1vKZ3sOBtUkNF7lnvsVs3L8cc3m70fOZy8FsVDpncTJzNFZl2Z-6Z7kR6GXj-D4dQ_8MjFRojhBPjMcici17pkPhe9AKec/s320/Roman+Antiquity+windgod+etc..jpg" width="261" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">My Guess is that it is the wind god Aiolos. At page 56 in the referred book it is guessed that these are wind gods. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-5391734868550744032009-02-07T12:30:00.001+01:002009-02-08T12:25:00.000+01:00The God Odin<img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 112px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfmNFhPRDtQzYn38H2DLUSK_1P-MdJiyZXP1U2-RbqDsZyvluh6GCpguYFelpri349-aJVhSo4714YrwK-le21_xHyos7jdr5b_rZ5DhC6CLxxcPo7i0lixan-5StskVvQpfwTgRHglM0h/s200/Odin+Historisk+museum+Oslo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300013257399720082" border="0" />"The Scandinavian and Teutonic <span style="font-style: italic;">Wodin</span> is almost certainly of Tartar origin. I offer a proof of this here. The Latin <span style="font-style: italic;">ira</span>, the German <span style="font-style: italic;">wuth</span>, the Celtic <span style="font-style: italic;">Gwydion</span>, the god Wodin of the Sagas, appear to be words derived from a mother word in the Mongol tongue. There we find <span style="font-style: italic;">ada</span>, an evil being, a fury. <span style="font-style: italic;">Ada ujihu</span> is in Mongol to look on as bad. <span style="font-style: italic;">Agoril</span> is anger, and agorlaho is to be angry. The Tartars very anciently dropped <span style="font-style: italic;">ag</span>, to form <span style="font-style: italic;">ada</span>. In this state it passed into Indo-European.<br />Ira in Latin has lost initial <span style="font-style: italic;">g</span>, as the Mongols have. This account of the word Odin may be supported by adducing other words. It is a fact that the word <span style="font-style: italic;">elf</span>, "fairy", is <span style="font-style: italic;">albin</span> in Mongol, and <span style="font-style: italic;">lip</span> in Chinese. Also the <span style="font-style: italic;">Erlking</span> of Goethe is <span style="font-style: italic;">erlig han</span> in Mongol, where <span style="font-style: italic;">erl</span> is <span style="font-style: italic;">erlig</span> and king is <span style="font-style: italic;">han</span>. These three examples support each other, and suggest that Tartar mythology is Teutonic mythology in an early stage. The angry appearance of sky and air in a thunderstorm is the source from which this mythology grew up in Tartary and was conveyed thence to the western homes of the Teutons."<br /><br />This text is from Joseph Edkins (1893): "<a href="http://ia301113.us.archive.org/1/items/earlyspread00edkiuoft/earlyspread00edkiuoft.pdf" target="_blank">The early spread of religious ideas: Especially in the far east</a>"<br /><br />Holmboe: "Odin's-Dag , jour d'Odin" is the same as "sanscrit : budhavâra, le tour de Buddha, et en hindoustani, budh-bâr," but I think the Sanskrit Budhvara or Budha's day refers to the primodal Bu<b>d</b>ha not the historical Bu<b>dd</b>ha, though both are from the same root "bodj." The Odinsdag/Budhawar connection may be older than the Buddha.(Quote from Parasar and <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qsUCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=traces+de+buddhisme+norvege+holmboe&lr=&as_brr=1" target="_blank">Traces de buddhisme en Norvége avant l'introduction du christianisme</a> by Christopher Andreas Holmboe, 1857).<br /><br /><br />An interesting fact is that the Sami people that is considered the first people in the Nordic areas did not worship Odin, however they worshiped Thor (Tiermes).Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2173925084696542258.post-24891245340150818462009-02-07T11:12:00.000+01:002009-02-08T00:25:20.966+01:00Introduction to the blog about The Ancient GothsIn this blog I will refer to old and new texts about the "Ancient Goths" of the Nordic in order to understand more about the origin(s) and history. Because this is a blog, additions and editing of blog posts is going on whenever I find out something more that is related to the subject or authors in a particular posting.<br /><p></p><br />“IV (25) Now from this island of Scandza, as from a hive of races or a womb of nations, the Goths are said to have come forth long ago under their king, Berig by name. As soon as they disembarked from their ships and set foot on the land, they straightway gave their name to the place. And even to-day it is said to be called Gothiscandza. (26) Soon they moved from here to the abodes of the Ulmerugi, who then dwelt on the shores of Ocean, where they pitched camp, joined battle with them and drove them from their homes. Then they subdued their neighbors, the Vandals, and thus added to their victories. But when the number of the people increased greatly and Filimer, son of Gadaric, reigned as king--about the fifth since Berig--he decided that the army of the Goths with their families should move from that region. (27) In search of suitable homes and pleasant places they came to the land of Scythia, called Oium in that tongue. Here they were delighted with the great richness of the country, and it is said that when half the army had been brought over, the bridge whereby they had crossed the river fell in utter ruin, nor could anyone thereafter pass to or fro. For the place is said to be surrounded<br />by quaking bogs and an encircling abyss, so that by this double obstacle nature has made it inaccessible. And even to-day one may hear in that neighborhood the lowing of cattle and may find traces of men, if we are to believe the stories of travellers, although we must grant that they hear these things from afar.<br />(28) This part of the Goths, which is said to have crossed the river and entered with Filimer into the country of Oium, came into possession of the desired land, and there they soon came upon the race of the Spali, joined battle with them and won the victory. Thence the victors hastened to the farthest part of Scythia, which is near the sea of Pontus; for so the story is generally told in their early songs, in almost historic fashion. Ablabius also, a famous chronicler of the Gothic race, confirms this in his most trustworthy account. (29) Some of the ancient writers also agree with the tale. Among these we may mention Josephus, a most reliable relator of annals, who everywhere follows the rule of truth and unravels from the beginning the origin of causes;--but why he has omitted the beginnings of the race of the Goths, of which I have spoken, I do not know. He barely mentions Magog of that stock, and says they were Scythians by race and were called so by name.” <br /><p></p><br /><a href="http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html" target="_blank">Jordanes THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS</a> translated by Charles C. Mierow<br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0